Butterflyfish: Difference between revisions
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:''The [[freshwater]] butterflyfish are in family [[Pantodontidae]].'' |
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{{Taxobox |
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| name = Butterflyfish |
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| image = Chaetodon lunula in Kona 2008.jpg |
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| image_width = 240px |
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| image_caption = The [[Raccoon Butterflyfish]] (''Chaetodon lunula'') is sometimes placed in the [[genus]] ''Rabdophorus'' |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| phylum = [[Chordata]] |
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| superclassis = [[Osteichthyes]] |
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| classis = [[Actinopterygii]] |
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| subclassis = [[Neopterygii]] |
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| infraclassis = [[Teleostei]] |
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| superordo = [[Acanthopterygii]] |
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| ordo = [[Perciformes]] |
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| subordo = [[PercoideI]] |
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| superfamilia = [[Percoidea]] |
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| familia = '''Chaetodontidae''' |
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| familia_authority = |
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Genera]] |
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| subdivision = |
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About 10, see [[#Genera|text]] |
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| synonyms = |
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Chaetodontinae <small>(but see [[#Taxonomy, systematics and evolution|text]])</small> |
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}} |
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The '''butterflyfish''' are a group of conspicuous tropical marine [[fish]] of the family '''Chaetodontidae'''; the '''bannerfish''' and '''coralfish''' are also included in this group. Found mostly on the [[reef]]s of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and [[Pacific Ocean]]s, there are approximately 115 [[species]] in 10 [[genera]]<ref>FishBase [2008]</ref>. A number of [[species pair]]s occur in Indian and Pacific ocean, members of the huge genus ''[[Chaetodon]]'', and their [[taxonomy]] has often been confused by whether these should be considered species or [[subspecies]]. Recent work using DNA sequence data has resolved many of these questions. Also, numerous [[subgenera]] have been proposed for splitting out of ''Chaetodon'', and it is becoming clear how the genus ought to be subdivided if that is desired.<ref>Fessler & Westneat (2007), Hsu ''et al.'' (2007)</ref> |
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Butterflyfish look like smaller versions of [[Pomacanthidae|angelfish]] (Pomacanthidae) but unlike these lack [[preopercle]] spines at the [[gill cover]]s. Some members of the genus ''[[Heniochus]]'' resemble the [[Moorish Idol]] (''Zanclus cornutus'') of the [[monotypic]] Zanclidae. Among the [[paraphyletic]] "[[Perciformes]]", the former are probably not too distantly related to butterflyfish, whereas the Zanclidae seem far less close. |
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==Description and ecology== |
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[[Image:Schooling bannerfish.JPG|thumb|left|A [[swarm|school]] of [[False Moorish Idol]]s (''Heniochus diphreutes'')]] |
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Butterflyfish are fairly small, mostly from 12 to 22 cm (7-9 in) in length. The largest species, the Lined Butterflyfish and the [[Saddle Butterflyfish]] (''C. ephippium'') grow to 30 cm. The common name references the brightly coloured and strikingly patterned bodies of many, bearing shades of black, white, blue, red, orange and yellow. Some species are dull in colour however. Many have eyespots on their flanks and dark bands across their eyes, not unlike the patterns seen on [[butterfly]] wings.<ref name=EoF>{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N.|author= Johnson, G.D. & Gill, A.C.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages= 184|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}}</ref> Their deep, [[lateral]]ly compressed bodies are easily noticed through the profusion of reef life, leading most to believe the conspicuous coloration of butterflyfish is intended for interspecies communication. Butterflyfish have uninterrupted [[dorsal fin]]s with [[tail fin]]s that may be rounded or truncated, but are never forked. |
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Generally diurnal and frequenting shallow waters of less than 18 m (though some species descend to 180 m), butterflyfish stick to particular home ranges. The [[coral]]livores are especially territorial, forming mated pairs and staking claim to their own head of coral. Contrastingly, the [[zooplankton]] feeders will form large conspecific groups. By night butterflyfish hide amongst the crevices of the reef and exhibit markedly different coloration than they do by day. |
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Their coloration also makes butterflyfish popular [[aquarium]] fish. However, most species feed on [[coral]] [[polyp]]s and [[sea anemone]]s. This poses a problem in most [[reef tank]]s where a delicate balance is to be maintained. Species kept in the hobby are therefore the few generalists and specialist [[zooplankton]] feeders. |
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Butterflyfish are [[pelagic spawner]]s; that is, they release many buoyant eggs into the water which then become part of the [[plankton]], floating with the currents until hatching. The fry go through what is known as a [[tholichthys]] stage, wherein the body of the post[[larva]]l fish is covered in large bony plates extending from the head. They lose their bony plates as they mature.<ref name=EoF/> Such a curious armoured stage is seen in only one other family of fish, the scats ([[Scatophagidae]]). |
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==Taxonomy, systematics and evolution== |
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The [[family (biology)|family]] name derives from the [[Ancient Greek]] words ''chaite'' ("hair") and ''odontos'' ("tooth"). This is an allusion to the rows of brush-like teeth found in their small, protrusile mouths. |
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The Chaetodontidae can be divided into two lineages that might arguably be considered [[subfamilies]]. But this is not usually done, and the subfamily name '''Chaetodontinae''' has fallen out of use as it was a leftover from the times when the [[Pomacanthidae]] and Chaetodontidae were united under the latter name as a single family. Hence, Chaetodontinae is today considered a [[junior synonym]] of Chaetodontidae. In any case, one lineage of Chaetodontidae (in the modern sense) contains the "typical" butterflyfishes around ''Chaetodon'', while the other unites the bannerfish and coralfish [[genera]]. As the "[[Perciformes]]" are highly [[paraphyletic]], the precise relationships of the Chaetodontidae as a whole are badly resolved.<ref name = fw2007>Fessler & Westneat (2007)</ref> |
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The [[fossil]] record of this group is marginal. This is mainly due to the fact that they are restricted to [[coral reef]]s where animal carcasses are liable to be dispersed by [[scavenger]]s, overgrown by [[coral]]s, and even if they fossilize it is likely that sooner or later [[erosion]] will destroy them. However, there is ''[[Pygaeus]]'', a very [[basal (evolution)|basal]] fossil from the mid-late [[Eocene]] of [[Europe]], dating approximately from the [[Bartonian]] 40-37 [[million years ago]] (mya). Thus, the Chaetodontidae emerged probably in the early-mid Eocene. A crude [[molecular clock]] in combination with the evidence given by ''Pygaeus'' allows to place the initial split between the two main lineages to the mid-late Eocene, and together with the few other fossils it allows to deduce that most living genera were probably distinct by the end of the [[Paleogene]] 23 mya.<ref>Sepkoski (2002), Fessler & Westneat (2007)</ref> |
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===Genera=== |
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The bannerfish-coralfish lineage can be further divided in two groups; these might be considered [[tribe (biology)|tribe]]s but have not been formally named. Genera are listed in order or the presumed [[phylogenetic]] sequence, from the most ancient to the youngest:<ref name = fw2007 /> |
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'''Bannerfish/coralfish lineage 1:''' |
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* ''[[Amphichaetodon]]'' |
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* ''[[Coradion]]'' |
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* ''[[Chelmon]]'' |
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* ''[[Chelmonops]]'' |
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'''Bannerfish/coralfish lineage 2:''' |
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* ''[[Forcipiger]]'' |
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* ''[[Hemitaurichthys]]'' |
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* ''[[Heniochus]]'' |
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* ''[[Johnrandallia]]'' <small>Nalbant 1974</small> (including ''Pseudochaetodon''<!-- <small>Burgess, 1978</small> -->)<!-- Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45 (2007) 50–68 --> |
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The '''"typical" butterflyfishes''' may eventually come to contain more genera; see the ''[[Chaetodon]]'' article for details: |
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* ''[[Chaetodon]]'' (including ''Parachaetodon'' and ''Roa'') |
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* ''[[Prognathodes]]'' (sometimes included in ''Chaetodon'') |
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<gallery> |
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Image:Seattle Aquarium, 1.JPG|[[Copperband Butterflyfish]] (''Chelmon rostratus'') |
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Image:Johnrandallia nigrirostris.jpg|The enigmatic ''[[Johnrandallia nigrirostris]]'' |
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Image:Chaetodon kleinii.jpg|[[Sunburst Butterflyfish]] (''Chaetodon kleinii'', sometimes placed in ''Lepidochaetodon'') |
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Image:Bep chaetodon bennetti.jpg|[[Blue-lashed Butterflyfish]] (''Chaetodon bennetti'', sometimes placed in ''Megaprotodon'') |
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</gallery> |
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==Footnotes== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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dumb |
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==References== |
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{{commonscat|Chaetodontidae}} |
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* {{aut|Fessler, Jennifer L. & Westneat, Mark W.}} (2007): Molecular phylogenetics of the butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae): Taxonomy and biogeography of a global coral reef fish family. ''[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]]'' '''45'''(1): 50–68. <small>{{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.018}}</small> (HTML abstract) |
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* {{aut|[[FishBase]]}} [2008]: [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=343 Family Chaetodontidae – Butterflyfishes]. Retrieved 2008-SEP-02. |
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* {{aut|Hsu, Kui-Ching; Chen, Jeng-Ping & Shao, Kwang-Tsao}} (2007): Molecular phylogeny of ''Chaetodon'' (Teleostei: Chaetodontidae) in the Indo-West Pacific: evolution in geminate species pairs and species groups. ''Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement'' '''14''': 77-86. [http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s14/s14rbz10_Hsu-pp77-86.pdf PDF fulltext] |
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* {{aut|Sepkoski, Jack}} (2002): [''Chaetodon'']. ''In:'' A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. ''Bulletins of American Paleontology'' '''364''': 560. [http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class HTML database excerpt] |
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[[Category:Chaetodontidae| ]] |
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[[ar:سمكة الفراشة]] |
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[[de:Falterfische]] |
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[[dv:ބިބީ އާއިލާ (މަސް)]] |
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[[es:Chaetodontidae]] |
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[[fa:پروانهماهی]] |
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[[fr:Chaetodontidae]] |
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[[it:Chaetodontidae]] |
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[[lt:Šeriadantinės]] |
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[[hu:Sörtefogúfélék]] |
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[[nl:Koraalvlinders]] |
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[[ja:チョウチョウウオ科]] |
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[[no:Skjellfinnefisker]] |
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[[pl:Chetonikowate]] |
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[[pt:Chaetodontidae]] |
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[[fi:Perhokalat]] |
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[[sv:Fjärilsfiskar]] |
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Revision as of 16:46, 17 December 2008
fuck us all