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Early Byelaw houses in Cog Street, Burnley
Decorated openings in cast stone, in style of a Gibbs surround, Strood

A byelaw terraced house is a terraced house built to comply with the 1875 Public Health Act in the United Kingdom usually in the period 1875 to 1918. The 1875 Public Health Act imposed a duty on local authorities to regulate housing by the use of byelaws, and subsequently all byelaw terraced housing was required to have its own privy, with rear access to allow the night soil to be collected. Byelaw terraced houses made up over 15% of the United Kingdom's housing stock in 2011.[1]

History

Between 1801 and 1901 the UK's population increased fourfold, and during this period there was a migration from the land into towns, as the nature of work changed. In effect the urban population increased tenfold, and there was a need to build houses for the urban worker. Benign employers built rows of back-to-back and through houses on the ground available. In older towns they were constrained by the mediaeval street patterns, and the need to fit as many houses as possible on the traditional long plots.[2] The less fortunate lived in single roomed houses facing onto a communal courtyard where there were privies, a cesspit, a standpipe, high infant mortality, typhus and cholera. Edwin Chadwick's report on The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population (1842),[3] researched and published at his own expense, highlighted the problems. Action was taken to introduce building control regulations. Specific boards of health were given the power to regulate housing standard in the 1848 Public Health Act and the 1858 Local government Act. These culminated in the 1875 Public Health Act. This Act remained in force until 1919 when they were superseded by the Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1919 with its aim of providing Homes fit for heroes.

1875 Public Health Act

In 1875, the Public Health Act was introduced. It required urban authorities to make byelaws for new streets, to ensure structural stability of houses and prevent fires, and to provide for the drainage of buildings and the provision of air space around buildings.[4] Section 57 determined that all houses must be through houses. Three years later the Building Act of 1878 provided more detail with constructions- they defined foundations, damp proof courses, thickness of walls, ceiling heights, space between dwellings, under floor ventilation, ventilation of rooms, size of windows. The Local Government Board, established in 1871, issued the first Model Bye-laws in 1877/78.[5] Urban authorities either adopted them, or wrote their own versions adapted to local conditions. While local versions were frequently not so rigorous, they could be generous by modern standards as regards ceiling heights. The importance of the Act was that it defined building standards for the common house.

Design

Opening directly on the street, which is 11m wide- as per the Act

In interpreting the act, the earliest houses remained the traditional two storey cottage design but with taller rooms and larger windows, which improved lighting and ventilation. The ground floor contained a front living room and back dining room with the stair column running parallel to the street, in between. Upstairs were two bedrooms. The area window had to be least 10% of the floor area, and to obtain the ventilation, the rising sash design was ubiquitous. They had a private yard, or area with the privy containing an earth closet, on the back wall.[6] Many tasks such as laundry were performed in the yard. Cooking was possible on the dining room fire- which maybe was a coal burning fire with side oven. Behind the yard was a passage, jigger or alley, to allow access to the nightsoil man. Neighbours and friends usually came into the house through the backdoor- as would the children.[7] The first houses were identical to their neighbour, but soon they became 'handed´ as it was cheaper to build a shared chimney stack. Where they existed, rear extensions now shared a wall, and there was less loss of light to the middle room window. [8]

An early modification was the house with a passage from front door to back, with a rear adjoined scullery and bedroom above. The yard was pushed back. The privy was built adjoining the scullery block, and would have a water closet connected to mains drainage. The staircase started to be attached to the party wall and run at right angles to the street.[9] On the first floor there would be three bedrooms, one of which often later converted into bathroom. To do this the plot had to be deeper.[10]

While the greatest need at this time was for houses built for rent to the lowest paid workers where economics was a big factor. There also developed a need to build appropriate houses for skilled artisans and overseers. Building plots would be sold to individuals, building clubs and building societies who would try to minimise the building and land costs. The earlier houses were built in terraces of eight to twelve houses, but as wealth, confidence and the demand for housing grew in the 1880s and 1890s, whole streets would be built together in the form of one long terrace.[9] Ginnels were set in after every fourth house according to the Act.

The byelaws defined the quality of building not its design. Larger houses for the overseers were built in the same terraces, with additional cellars and rooms in the roof space. Status was important in these urban communities, the grander houses had a wider street frontage, and were called 'villas', some houses were constructed with a small 6 ft deep front garden separating the house from the street. The detailing of the front elevation was important, and there were houses that had a single bay window on the ground floor[11] and later houses that had bay windows on the ground and first floor. These equally could open onto the street- or onto a garden. In areas where there was a ginnel leading from the street to the alley, the house next to it was built over it at first floor level giving extra bedroom space on the first floor.

Comparative features

Two larger 1886 houses in Kent, separated by a ginnel, they have cellars. They have cast stone lintels but have lost the sash windows and the ogee guttering
  • Ventilation: It was no longer acceptable to have the ground floor flooring laid directly on the earth, the timbers used had to be at least 4 in above the earth and on rising ground this would be more.
  • Walls: In areas where brick was used walls were built using a simple Flemish bond meaning a single skin 9 in wall. They all had to have a damp course and foundations. The damp course could be a layer of asphalt in bricks at least 9 in below the wooden floor beams- while later it would be salt glazed bricks or slate. The Act required a double course of bricks, later concrete would be placed beneath, though the quality was poor, and the requirements changed to two layers of double width brick. Higher specification concrete had replaced this by 1919.
  • The ground floor was of simple single planks, nailed with brads into 8 by 2 in soft wood joists. The joists ends were treated with bitumin, and sunk half a brick deep into the walls. Later with wider spans the joist would be supported by stub walls. The floor planks later were tongue and grooved (T&G) to reduce draughts. The scullery was a wet area and would be floored with stone flags. These would be set 6 in below the main floor.
  • Oversailing eaves with ogee shaped cast iron guttering
  • Elaborate street facades
  • Patterned salt glazed moulded bricks, tiles, chimney pots, ridge tiles and finials [11]
  • Richly pattererned joinery: Sash windows.[11]
  • Windows: The earliest windows were set into opening topped by a low brick arch. Later these were replaced by cast stone lintels that were balanced in the same way as the bricks. The next generation of lintels had square ends and here wider than the window opening changing the thrust from horizontally to vertically. Cast stone was used for lintels, door and window surrounds, arch sets, bay window sets, cills and quoins with sharp moulds and decoration. Windows lintels often displayed a false keystone.[12]
  • 70° low brick arch
    70° low brick arch
  • Earlier 70° flat brick lintel in Canterbury
    Earlier 70° flat brick lintel in Canterbury
  • Earlier 70° cast stone lintel on a larger house in Strood
    Earlier 70° cast stone lintel on a larger house in Strood
  • Decorated openings in cast stone, in style of a Gibbs surround
    Decorated openings in cast stone, in style of a Gibbs surround
  • The cast iron decoration of superior houses of 1885, that front onto the church
    The cast iron decoration of superior houses of 1885, that front onto the church
  • Quality construction a large terraced house in Moss Side, Manchester
    Quality construction a large terraced house in Moss Side, Manchester
Handed houses in Salford, boarded up and awaiting a refit
An earlier house with fine brick detailing, modernised by Urban Splash

Evolution

Byelaw terraced houses were built over a period of sixty-five years from 1850 to 1916, needless to say the design evolved. By the 1880s most houses consisted of a front parlour, middle living room and a reasonable sized kitchen to the rear with a third bedroom above. This was reached through the second bedroom: later reversing the run of the stairs allowed a corridor to be constructed to give through access to the third bedroom. Beyond the kitchen would be a coal store and a WC.[13]

Adaptation

Many houses were incrementally improved in the 1920s most were wired for electricity, and in the 1930s the deeper Belfast sink and drainer replaced the shallower cane glazed London sink.[13] The improved damp proof course arrested water ingress, and with the suspended floors halted wood rot.[14]

The overcrowding and deterioration of the pre-regulation terraced houses caused increasing concern. Local authorities were empowered by the Slum Clearance Acts to purchase unfit properties compulsorily and demolish them. This was a worthy lengthy process, as they had to prove the property fell within the meaning of the Act, and then compensate the Landlord for the value of the land. Hundreds of cottages were cleared before the program was stopped in 1939. It restarted in 1955 on a larger scale. Areas were designated Comprehensive Development Area, and all was demolished- houses, factories, workshops, warehouses and chapels[15]

Byelaw houses survived the slum clearance programmes of the 1960 and 1970s, and though becoming derelict due to depopulation, they provided a solid framework for regeneration with home improvement grants. These were used to bring indoors the WC, to provide hot water and bathrooms.[11] In the certain inner city areas these houses became popular again and subject to gentrification schemes of the 21st century.


References

Notes

  1. ^ Rosenfeld, Allen & Okoro 2011, p. 258.
  2. ^ Brunskill 2000, p. 186.
  3. ^ Chadwick, Edwin (1842). "Chadwick's Report on Sanitary Conditions". excerpt from Report...from the Poor Law Commissioners on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (pp.369–372) (online source). added by Laura Del Col: to The Victorian Web. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
  4. ^ Calow 2007, p. 13.
  5. ^ UWE 2009.
  6. ^ Brunskill 2000, p. 187.
  7. ^ Rosenfeld, Allen & Okoro 2011, p. 255.
  8. ^ Calow 2007, p. 12.
  9. ^ a b Calow 2007, p. 15.
  10. ^ Rosenfeld, Allen & Okoro 2011, p. 256.
  11. ^ a b c d Calow 2007, p. 16.
  12. ^ Calow 2007, p. 17.
  13. ^ a b Calow 2007, p. 21.
  14. ^ Calow 2007, p. 9.
  15. ^ Calow 2007, pp. 21–23.

Bibliography

Primary source

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