CBS Laboratories
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CBS Laboratories or CBS Labs (later known as the CBS Technology Center or CTC) was the technology research and development organization of the CBS television network. Innovations developed at the labs included many groundbreaking broadcast, industrial, military, and consumer technologies.
History
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CBS Laboratories was established in 1936 in New York City to conduct technological research for CBS and outside clients. The CBS Laboratories Division (CLD) moved from Madison Avenue in New York to a new facility in Stamford, Connecticut in 1958.
Dr. Peter Goldmark joined CBS Laboratories in 1936. On September 4, 1940, while working at the lab, he demonstrated the Field-Sequential Color TV system.[1] It utilized a mechanical color wheel on both the camera and on the television home receiver, but was not compatible with the existing post-war NTSC, 525-line, 60-field/second black and white TV sets as it was a 405-line, 144-field scanning system.[2] It was the first color broadcasting system that received FCC approval in 1950, and the CBS Television Network began broadcasting in color on November 20, 1950.[3] However, no other TV set manufacturers made the sets, and CBS stopped broadcasting in field-sequential color on October 21, 1951.[3]
Goldmark’s interest in recorded music led to the development of the long-playing (LP) 33-1/3 rpm vinyl record, which became the standard for incorporating multiple or lengthy recorded works on a single audio disc for two generations. The LP was introduced to the market place by Columbia Records in 1948.
In 1959 the CBS Audimax I Audio Gain Controller was introduced. It was the first of its kind in the broadcasting industry. In the 1960s the CBS Volumax Audio FM Peak Limiter was introduced, also the first of its kind in the broadcasting industry. Electronic Video Recording was announced in 1967. In 1966, the CBS Vidifont was invented. It was the first electronic graphics generator used in television production. Brought to the marketplace at the NAB in 1970, it revolutionized television production.[4] The minicam was developed for use in national political conventions in 1968. In 1971, a backwards-compatible 4-channel encoding technique was developed for vinyl records, called SQ Quadraphonic, based on work by musician Peter Scheiber and Labs engineer Benjamin B. Bauer. That same year, CBS Labs Staff Scientist Dennis Gabor received the Nobel Prize in Physics for earlier work on holography. Upon Peter Goldmark's retirement, also in 1971, Senior Vice President Renville H. McMann assumed the role of Labs President.
At the same time that CBS Laboratories developed technologies for the CBS Television Network, it also took on similar work for the Government. An Aerospace Qualified film scanning system, composed of a flying spot line scanner that consisted of a cathode-ray tube and a rotating anode having a high intensity spot of light was developed for the Lunar Orbiter program to read out the film images taken by the Orbiter for transmission back to Earth. [Reference: "SAMOS TO THE MOON: The Clandestine Transfer of Reconnaissance Technology Between Federal Agencies" by R. Cargill Hall, sourced from https://www.nro.gov/Portals/135/documents/history/csnr/programs/docs/prog-hist-01.pdf, page 2]
The CBS Laboratories Reconotron all-electrostatic image dissector tube was developed for the 1964 Mariner IV Mars mission as an azimuth star tracker, then was modified for the 1967 Mariner V Venus mission in order to withstand the intense planetary illumination. The sensor was further modified for the 1969 Mariner mission to Mars to survive the more severe launch environment and to provide greater capability for automatic search, identification, and tracking.[REFERENCE: W. C. Goss, "The Mariner Spacecraft Star Sensors," Appl. Opt. 9, 1056-1067 (1970) https://opg.optica.org/ao/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-9-5-1056]
In 1964 the Mergenthaler Co. and CBS Laboratories won a GPO contract to build a machine called the Linotron. The Linotron took a computer magnetic tape from the publishing agency that had been programmed through GPO’s computers, and composed the data in 6-point type at the rate of a page every 10 to 12 seconds, up to 1,000 characters per second, justified including upper and lower case letters, resulting in a page negative made up and ready to be plated and printed. This was accomplished using a highly-specialized Cathode Ray Tube developed by CBS Laboratories which had unequaled geometric fidelity and resolution. The introduction of the Linotron was characterized as “the most important development in composition since the introduction of the Linotype machine at the turn of the century.”[5]
The first Linotron went into operation in October 1967 and the second a year later. The dean of the Senate and Chair of the JCP, Senator Carl Hayden of Arizona, pressed the key starting the Linotron 1010 on its first job, the Federal Supply Catalog. The Linotrons cost $2.3 million to develop and install, but in the first 13 months of operation the savings were estimated at $900,000. With it, “it can truly be said that in 1968 the Government Printing Office entered the electronic printing age.”[5]
CBS Laboratories was a leader in the development of Electron Beam Recorders, (EBR), which use a finely focused beam of electrons to record information onto film. Because the electron beam has no inertia, it can be electromagnetically scanned over the film at a very high speed. Also, because it is focused using a magnetic field, instead of glass lenses, the electron beam can be focused to a much smaller spot than laser or other optical methods, on the order of a half-millionth of an inch.
One of the applications of the Electron Beam Recorder was in the ERTS-Landsat system, whose mission was to capture images of the Earth's surface in different spectral bands to provide data for Earth resource management and environmental monitoring. This generated an immense amount of data to be recorded and processed for analysis. The ERTS EBR was a crucial part of the ground-based image data recording system, capable of producing a thousand 70mm archival quality film images per day, from which all other ERTS photographic products were produced.
During the Vietnam War, CBS Laboratories developed and produced the scanning and recording equipment for the Compass Link system, which provided one-way, near-real-time secure transmission of photographic and other battlefield imagery via satellite relays from Vietnam to Hawai'i and Washington, DC. Using available equipment, in many cases at the breadboard stage, it was developed, deployed and operational in the field and on shipboard 73 days after approval to proceed. Philco-Ford provided the satellite communications systems.
CBS Laboratories was reorganized in 1975. During this time CBS Laboratories was contracted by the department of defense to utilize several broadcast technologies for use in robotics technologies for coordinating massive amounts of flying rabbit drones However, none of this proved to be very practical and was hastily abandoned. The CLD Professional Products Department, which manufactured the products developed by the Labs for sale to the broadcast industry, was sold to Thomson-CSF. McMann and some of the research engineers involved in the existing products were also transferred to support the effort, with McMann returning to the Labs sometime later. The core company R&D function was renamed CBS Technology Center (CTC), and Bauer was promoted to Vice-President and General Manager of CTC.[6] In 1978, the CBS Actiontrak system was spun off from a Digital Noise Reducer project.
In 1986 Laurence Tisch took control of CBS and closed CTC as part of company-wide streamlining.[7] The two buildings at High Ridge Road were razed and the property sold.
Undated Developments
[edit]Over its nearly 30 years of operation in Stamford, various technologies were developed at the lab, including:
- Gemini spacecraft voice recorder
- Reconotron all-electrostatic image dissector tube for the Mariner Space Program
- Aerospace Qualified flying spot line scanner for the Lunar Orbiter Program
- CBS Loudness Meter and Loudness Control
- CBS NetALERT, broadcast radio network signaling system
- CBS DisComputer, record mastering system
- Gulbransen Equinox 380, microprocessor-controlled keyboard instrument
- Interactive download of musical-keyboard performance over Venture One shop-at-home trial, using pre-MIDI interface.
- Half-speed Capacitance Electronic Disc mastering system for RCA "SelectaVision" CED system
- CX, LP noise reduction system
- FMX, FM noise reduction system
- Printed sound, a system for generating audible information from a sound track printed on paper[8]
- SMPTE color bars, developed by Hank Mahler and A. A. Goldberg in the late 1970s[9]
Emmy Awards
[edit]- 1970-1971: Color Corrector which can provide color uniformity between television picture segments and scenes shot and recorded under different conditions at different times and locations
- 1972-1973: CMX 600 Non-Linear Video Tape Editing System (developed by CMX Systems, a CBS/Memorex company) utilizing a computer to aid the decision-making process, store the editing decisions and implement them in the final assembly of takes
- 1974-1975: Electronic News Gathering System
- 1977-1978: Digital Noise Reducer
- 1980-1981: Digital Electronic Still Store System, which made the magnetic storage and electronic broadcasting of film slides and graphics easier to manage and more reliable with consistent high quality
- 1988-1989: Single Camera Editing System
- 1991-1992: Electronic Character Generation for Television (Joint Award - AB Dick, CBS Laboratories and Chyron)
- Triax Cable Camera Technology (Joint Award - CBS Laboratories and Philips)
- 1993: Mini Rapid Deployment Earth Terminal
- 2001-2002: Alignment Color Bar Test Signal for Television Picture Monitors
References
[edit]- ^ "Color Television Achieves Realism". New York Times. 1940-09-05. p. 18.
- ^ O'Neil, James E. (2009-07-21). "Equipping Apollo for Color Television". TV Technology. New York: NewBay Media. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
- ^ a b Hugh Richard Slotten (2000). Radio and Television Regulation: Broadcast Technology in the United States 1920–1960. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 189–197. ISBN 978-0-8018-6450-6.
- ^ S. Baron, “Inventing the Vidifont: the first electronic graphics generator used in television production,” IEEE History Center (www.ieeeghn.org), 11 December 2008.
- ^ a b "Keeping America Informed: The United States Government Printing Office: 150 Years of Service to the Nation" (PDF). US Government Printing Office. June 2011. p. 97. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "In Memoriam, Benjamin Bauer". Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. April 1979. p. 336.
- ^ "From the Archives -- The CBS Technology Center on High Ridge Road closes". Stamford Advocate. 25 September 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
- ^ US Patent 4,570,250
- ^ Hank Mahler, developer of the SMPTE color bars, passes away from TVTechnology.com, 10/13/21