Caiaphas ossuary
The Caiaphas ossuary is one of twelve ossuaries or bone boxes, discovered in a burial cave in south Jerusalem in November 1990, two of which featured the name "Caiaphas".[1] The especially beautiful ossuary is twice inscribed "Joseph, son of Caiaphas" and held the bones of a 60-year-old male. The limestone ossuary measures c. 37 cm high by 75 cm long and is housed in the Israel Museum, Jerusalem.[2]
It has been suggested that this belonged to Joseph, son of Caiaphas, known as the High Priest Caiaphas in the New Testament although this is disputed. According to the Canonical gospels, Caiaphas was the major antagonist of Jesus.
It should be distinguished from the less ornate Miriam ossuary, which came to light in June 2011. The latter is a looted, though authenticated artifact from the Valley of Elah, bearing the inscription: "Miriam daughter of Yeshua son of Caiapha, priest of Ma’azya from Beit Imri".[3]
Find
The burial chamber was discovered by construction workers in November 1990 in the Peace Forest near the North Talpiot neighborhood.[4] Their superintendent reported it to the Antiquities Authority after the tomb’s roof was opened by a bulldozer, to reveal the rock-hewn loculi burial cave. It was typical of the Second Temple period in Jerusalem, and one of many in the Jerusalem necropolis which may be encountered as far south as the Arab village of Sur Baher.[4]
The four cave niches contained twelve ossuaries, of which six had been disturbed by grave robbers.[5] One very ornate ossuary contained the bones of two infants, two teenage boys, an adult woman and a man of about 60. Besides the detailed etching there were traces of bright orange paint. It was inscribed "Yehosef bar Qayafa" on the long side,[6] and "Yehosef bar Qafa" on the narrow side.
The bones were eventually reburied on the Mount of Olives.
Context
Adherents of the Jesus myth theory argued in favor of Caiaphas's historicity.[7] In 1990, an ornate limestone ossuary ascribed to him was discovered in the Abu Tor neighborhood of Jerusalem.[8][9]
Both the ossuary and the Aramaic inscription on its side, which read "Joseph son of Caiaphas", appeared authentic. The bones in the ossuary were of an elderly man. According to the New York Times and a number of Biblical scholars, the find would be an important confirmation of the New Testament account, and facilitate understanding of the historical Jesus, if it were to be attributable to high priest Caiaphas.[9][10][11][12] More generally, the contents of the burial cave increased knowledge of ossuary inscriptions and burial customs of the Second Temple period.[4]
Miriam ossuary
In June 2011, archaeologists from Bar-Ilan and Tell Aviv Universities announced the recovery of a stolen ossuary, plundered from a tomb in the Valley of Elah. The Israel Antiquities Authority declared it authentic, and expressed regret that it couldn't be studied in situ.[3] It is inscribed with the text: "Miriam, daughter of Yeshua, son of Caiaphas, Priest of Ma’aziah from Beth ‘Imri". Based on it, Caiaphas can be assigned to the priestly course of Ma’aziah, instituted by king David.
Authenticity
Since the original discovery, the identification with Caiaphas has been challenged by some scholars on various grounds, including the spelling of the inscription, the lack of any mention of Caiaphas's status as High Priest, the plainness of the tomb (although the ossuary itself is as ornate as might be expected from someone of his rank and family), and other reasons.[11][13]
See also
References
- ^ Bible Archaeology Review, BAR 18:05, Sep/Oct 1992
- ^ The Ossuary of Joseph Caiaphas, K.C. Hanson's HomePage
- ^ a b CNN Wire Staff (2011-06-30). "Israeli authorities: 2,000-year-old burial box is the real deal". CNN. Retrieved 2011-08-26.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ a b c Zvi Greenhut, 01-Jan-2004, Discovery of the Caiaphas Family Tomb
- ^ Time Magazine, 24 Aug. 1992, Caiaphas' Cave
- ^ The Caiaphas Ossuary (1st Century CE): View and Inscription. University of Minnesota
- ^ "And Caiaphas is an historic personality, known and named as such by Flavius Josephus, which cannot be said of Jesus, as the forged passage in the "Antiquities of the Jews" (18:63) long ago has been recognized as such by even the most conservative students." Georg Brandes, Jesus: A Myth, trans. Edwin Björkman (New York: Albert and Charles Boni, 1926), p. 46.
- ^ The Caiaphas Ossuary Great archaeology, 2010. p 1
- ^ a b "Tomb May Hold the Bones Of Priest Who Judged Jesus"
- ^ James C. VanderKam, From Joshua to Caiaphas: high priests after the Exile Fortress Press, 2004. p 435-436
- ^ a b James H. Charlesworth, Jesus and archaeology, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2006. pp 323-329
- ^ The Caiaphas Ossuary Great archaeology, 2010. p 1
- ^ Bond, Helen Katharine (2004). Caiaphas: friend of Rome and judge of Jesus?. Westminster/John Knox Press. pp. 4–8. ISBN 978-0-664-22332-8.