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#REDIRECT [[Kingdom of Cambodia]]
{{Infobox Country
|native_name = [[Image:Cambodia5-trans.png|200px]] <br /> ''{{lang|km|Preăh Réachéa Nachâk Kâmpŭchéa}}''
|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Cambodia <br /> Royaume du Cambodge
|common_name = Cambodia
|image_flag = Flag of Cambodia.svg
|image_coat = Royal Arms of Cambodia.svg
|image_map = Location Cambodia ASEAN.svg
|map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=green|region=[[ASEAN]]|region_color=dark grey|legend=Location Cambodia ASEAN.svg}}
|national_motto = [[File:CambodiaMotto.svg|180px]]<br />''Chéat, Sasna, Preăhmôhaksât''<br><small>"Nation, Religion, King"</small>
|national_anthem = ''[[Nokoreach]]''<br />''Royal Kingdom''
|official_languages = [[Khmer language|Khmer]]
|languages_type = [[Official script]]
|languages = [[Khmer script]]
|usual_languages = [[Khmer language|Khmer]], [[French language|French]]
|national flower = [[rumdul]]
|demonym = [[Khmer people|Khmer]] or Cambodian
|capital = [[Phnom Penh]]
|latd=11 |latm=33 |latNS=N |longd=104 |longm=55 |longEW=E
|largest_city = capital
|government_type = [[Constitutional monarchy]],<br />[[parliamentary democracy|Parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]
|leader_title1 = [[King of Cambodia|Monarch]]
|leader_name1 = [[Norodom Sihamoni]]
|leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Cambodia|Prime Minister]]
|leader_name2 = [[Hun Sen]]
|legislature=[[Parliament of Cambodia|Parliament]]
|upper_house=[[Senate of Cambodia|Senate]]
|lower_house=[[National Assembly of Cambodia|National Assembly]]
|sovereignty_type = [[History of Cambodia|Formation]]
|sovereignty_note =
|established_event1 = [[Kingdom of Funan|Funan Kingdom]]
|established_date1 = 68
|established_event2 = [[Chenla|Chenla Kingdom]]
|established_date2 = 550
|established_event3 = [[Khmer Empire]]
|established_date3 = 802
|established_event4 = [[French colonial empire|French Colonization]]
|established_date4 = 1863
|established_event5 = Independence from France
|established_date5 = November 9, 1953
|established_event6 = [[Cambodian coup of 1970|Khmer Republic]]
|established_date6 = March 18, 1970
|established_event7 = [[Modern Cambodia|Monarchy Restored]]
|established_date7 = September 24, 1993
||area_rank = 88th
|area_magnitude =
|area_km2 = 181,035
|area_sq_mi = 69,898 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|percent_water = 2.5
|population_estimate = 14,805,000<ref name=unpop>{{Cite journal| url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf | title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1| version=2008 revision | format=PDF | publisher=United Nations | author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Population Division | year=2009 | accessdate= 2009-03-12}}</ref>
|population_estimate_year = 2010
|population_estimate_rank = 66th
|population_census = 13,388,910
|population_census_year = 2008
|population_density_km2 = 81.8
|population_density_sq_mi = 211.8 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|population_density_rank = 125th
|GDP_PPP_year = 2009
|GDP_PPP = $28.092 billion<ref name=imf2>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=522&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=105&pr.y=20 |title=Cambodia|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_rank =
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,084<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
|GDP_nominal = $11.453 billion<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_year = 2009
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $805<ref name=imf2/>
|Gini = 43<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|title=Distribution of family income – Gini index|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|accessdate=2009-09-01}}</ref>
|Gini_category = <span style="color:#fc0;">medium</span>
|Gini_year = 2007
|HDI_year = 2007
|HDI = {{increase}} 0.593<ref name="UN">{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2009. Human development index trends: Table G|publisher=The United Nations|accessdate=2009-10-05}}</ref>
|HDI_rank = 137th
|HDI_category = <span style="color:#fc0;">medium</span>
|currency = [[Cambodian riel|Riel]]
|currency_code = KHR
|time_zone =
|utc_offset = +7 (mainland)<br/>UTC+9 ([[Teesam Island]] only)
|drives_on = right
|cctld = [[.kh]]
|calling_code = 855
}}


The '''Kingdom of Cambodia''', formerly known as '''Kampuchea''', {{lang-km|ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា}} or ''{{lang|km|Preăh Réachéa Nachâk Kâmpŭchéa}}'', derived from [[Sanskrit]] ''Kambujadesa'' ({{lang|sa|कम्बोजदेश}})), is a country in [[Southeast Asia]] that borders [[Thailand]] to the west and northwest, [[Laos]] to the north, [[Vietnam]] to the east, and the [[Gulf of Thailand]] to the south. The geography of Cambodia is dominated by the [[Mekong River]] ([[Khmer language|Khmer]]: ''{{lang|km|Tonle Thom}}'' ({{lang|km|ទន្លេធំ}}) or "the great river") and the [[Tonlé Sap]] ({{lang|km|ទន្លេសាប}}; "the fresh water lake").

The kingdom is a [[constitutional monarchy]] with [[Norodom Sihamoni]] as king who has reigned since 2004. [[Phnom Penh]] is the kingdom's capital and largest city, and is the center of political, commercial, industrial and cultural activities. [[Siem Reap]], a city located near the famous ruins of [[Angkor Wat]] is the gateway to the Angkor region, and is Cambodia's main destination for tourism. [[Battambang]], the largest city in western Cambodia, is known for its rice production, and [[Sihanoukville]], a coastal city, is the primary sea port and beach resort.

Cambodia has an area of {{convert|181035|km2}} and a population of over 14 million [[Khmer people|ethnic Khmer]]. A citizen of Cambodia is usually identified as "Cambodian" or "Khmer", though they strictly refer to ethnic Khmers. Most Cambodians are [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhists]], but the country also have a minority number of [[Muslim]] [[Cham people|Cham]], as well as ethnic [[Han Chinese|Chinese]], [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] and small [[animism|animist]] hill tribes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stat.go.jp/english/info/meetings/cambodia/pdf/pre_rep1.pdf|format=PDF|title=General Population Census of Cambodia 2008 – Provisional population totals|publisher=National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning|date=September 3, 2008|accessdate=2009-06-22}}</ref>

[[Agriculture]] has long been the most important sector to the Cambodian economy, with around 59% of the population relying on agriculture for their livelihood (with [[rice]] being the principal crop).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCAMBODIA/Resources/293755-1181597132695/kh_growth_report2009part1.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Full report FINAL FOR CONSULTATION.doc |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2009-08-11}}</ref> Other important sectors include [[garments]], construction and [[tourism]] - foreign visitors to [[Angkor Wat]] numbered more than 4 million in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://business.inquirer.net/money/breakingnews/view/20080530-139652/San-Miguel-eyes-projects-in-Laos-Cambodia-Myanmar|title=San Miguel eyes projects in Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar |accessdate=2009-03-03 |author=Elizabeth Sanchez-Lacson|date=May 30, 2008|publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]}}</ref> In 2005, [[oil]] and [[natural gas]] deposits were found beneath Cambodia's territorial waters, and once commercial extraction begins in 2011, the oil revenues could profoundly affect Cambodia's economy.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cambodia hopes to start oil production in 2009|author=Ek Madra|date=January 19, 2007|publisher=Reuters|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/companyNewsAndPR/idUSBKK30404620070119|accessdate=2009-03-06}}</ref>

==Name==
[[File:srokkhmer.png|thumb|left|"Khmer Land" in [[Khmer alphabet|Khmer writing]], a local expression which refers to Cambodia]]
{{Main|Name of Cambodia}}

The full name of the modern country is ''Preahreachanachâk Kampuchea'', "Kingdom of Cambodia"; the name used on formal occasions is ''Prâteh Kampuchea'' ({{lang-km|ប្រទេសកម្ពុជា}}), literally "the Country of Cambodia", and the colloquial name is ''Srok Khmae'' ({{lang-km|ស្រុកខ្មែរ}}), literally "the Khmer Land". The English "Cambodia" and the French "Cambodge" both represent the Khmer name "Kâmpŭchea" (កម្ពុជា).

==History==
{{Main|History of Cambodia}}
[[File:Bayon Angkor Relief1.jpg|thumb|200px|left|A [[Khmer Empire|Khmer]] army going to war against the [[Champa|Cham]], from a relief on the [[Bayon]]]]

===Prehistory===
The sparse evidence for a [[Pleistocene]] human occupation of present day Cambodia are [[quartz]] and [[quartzite]] pebble tools found in terraces along Mekong River, in [[Stung Treng Province|Stung Treng]] and [[Kratié Province|Kratié]] provinces, and in [[Kampot Province]], but their dating is not reliable.<ref name=stark2004>{{Cite book|author=Miriam Stark|editor1-first=Ian|editor1-last=Glover|editor2-first=Peter S.|editor2-last=Bellwood|title=Southeast Asia: from prehistory to history|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415391177|chapter=Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian Cambodia|chapter-url=http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/2004_PreAngkorian.pdf}}</ref>

Some slight archaeological evidence shows communities of [[hunter-gatherer]]s inhabited Cambodia during [[Holocene]]: the most ancient Cambodian archeological site is considered to be the cave of ''Laang Spean'', in [[Battambang Province]], which belongs to the so-called [[Hoabinhian]] period. Excavations in its lower layers produced a series of [[radiocarbon]] dates as of 6000 BC.<ref name=stark2004 /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=841%3Athe-second-prehistoric-archaeological-excavation-in-laang-spean-2009&catid=80&lang=en|title= The Second Prehistoric Archaeological Excavation in Laang Spean (2009)|first=Michel|last=Tranet|date=2009-10-20|accessdate=2009-11-17}}</ref>

Upper layers in the same site gave evidence of transition to [[Neolithic]], containing the earliest dated earthenware ceramics in Cambodia<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smartcambodia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=840%3Athe-oldest-ceramic-in-cambodias-laang-spean-1966-68&catid=80&lang=en|title=The Oldest Ceramic in Cambodia's Laang Spean (1966–68)|date=2009-10-20|accessdate=2009-11-17}}</ref>

Archeological records for the period between Holocene and [[Iron Age]] remain equally limited. Other prehistoric sites of somewhat uncertain date are ''Samrong Sen'' (not far from ancient capital of [[Oudong]]), where first investigations started just in 1877,<ref name=higham1989>{{Cite book|author=Charles Higham|title=The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521275255}}, p.120</ref> and ''Phum Snay'', in the northern province of [[Banteay Meanchey Province|Banteay Meanchey]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dougald J.W. O'Reilly; Angela von den Driesch; Vuthy Voeun|year=2006|title=Archaeology and Archaeozoology of Phum Snay: A Late Prehistoric Cemetery in Northwestern Cambodia|volume=45|issue=2|issn=0066-8435}}</ref> Prehistoric artifacts are often found during mining activities in [[Ratanakiri]].<ref name=stark2004 />

The most outstanding prehistoric evidence in Cambodia however are probably "circular [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]]", discovered in the [[red soil]]s near [[Memot]] and in adjacent region of Vietnam as of the end of the 1950s. Their function and age are still debated, but some of them possibly date from 2nd millennium BC at least.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://memotcentre.org/Earthwork.html|title=Research History|publisher=Memot Centre for Archaeology|accessdate=2009-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gerd Albrecht et al.|year=2000|title=Circular Earthwork Krek 52/62 Recent Research on the Prehistory of Cambodia|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=39|issue=1–2|issn=0066-8435|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/asian_perspectives/v039/39.1albrecht.pdf|accessdate=2009-11-15}}</ref>

A pivotal event in Cambodian prehistory was the slow penetration of the first [[rice]] farmers from North, which begun in the late 3rd millennium BC. They probably spoke ancestral [[Austro-Asiatic languages|Mon-Khmer]].<ref name=higham2001pre>{{Cite book|author=Charles Higham|title=The civilization of Angkor|anno=2001|publisher=Phoenix|isbn=978-1842125847|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_oZ52cuX8s4C|date=2002-01}}, pp.13–22</ref>

Iron was worked by about 500 BC. The most part of evidence come from [[Khorat Plateau]], Thai country nowadays. In Cambodia some Iron Age settlement were found beneath Angkorian temples, like [[Baksei Chamkrong]], others were circular earthworks, like ''Lovea'', a few kilometers north-west of Angkor. Burials, much richer, testify improvement of food availability and trade (even on long distances: in the 4th century BC trade relations with India were already opened) and the existence of a social structure and labor organization.<ref name=higham2001pre />

===Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian polities===
[[Image:Guimet IMG 6009 Jayavarman7.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Head of Jayavarman VII]]
[[Image:Sculptures apsaras.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Apsaras at [[Banteay Srei]]]]

During the [[third century|3rd]], [[fourth century|4th]], and [[fifth century|5th]] centuries, the [[Indianized kingdom|Indianised states]] of [[Kingdom of Funan|Funan]] and [[Chenla]] coalesced in what is now present-day Cambodia and southwestern Vietnam. These states are assumed by most scholars to have been Khmer.<ref name="CS">Country-Studies.com. [http://www.country-studies.com/cambodia/early-indianized-kingdom-of-funan.html ''Country Studies Handbook'';] information taken from US Dept of the Army. Retrieved July 25, 2006.</ref>
For more than 2,000 years, Cambodia absorbed influences from [[India]] and [[China]] passing them on to other [[Southeast Asia]]n civilisations that are now Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos.<ref name="BRIT">Britannica.com. [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90520/Cambodia History of Cambodia.]. Retrieved July 25, 2006.</ref> The Khmer Empire flourished in the area from the [[ninth century|9th]] to the [[thirteenth century|13th century]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/seasia/ppenh/khmer01.html |title=Khmer Empire Map |publisher=Art-and-archaeology.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-27}}</ref> Around the 13th century, [[Theravada Buddhism]] was introduced to the area through monks from [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asia.msu.edu/seasia/Cambodia/religion.html |title=Windows on Asia |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070521010839/http://asia.msu.edu/seasia/Cambodia/religion.html |archivedate=2007-05-21}}</ref>

From then on Theravada Buddhism grew and eventually became the most popular religion. The Khmer Empire declined yet remained powerful in the region until the 15th century. The empire's centre of power was [[Angkor]], where a series of capitals was constructed during the empire's zenith. Angkor could have supported a population of up to one million people.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/metropolis-angkor-the-worlds-first-megacity-461623.html Metropolis: Angkor, the world's first mega-city], The Independent, August 15, 2007</ref> Angkor, the world's largest pre-industrial settlement complex,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/36/14277.full |title=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: A comprehensive archaeological map of the world's largest preindustrial settlement complex at Angkor, Cambodia |publisher=Pnas.org |date= |accessdate=2010-06-27}}</ref> and [[Angkor Wat]], the most famous and best-preserved religious temple at the site, are reminders of Cambodia's past as a major regional power.

===Dark ages of Cambodia===
After a long series of wars with neighboring kingdoms, Angkor was sacked by the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] and abandoned in 1432 because of ecological failure and infrastructure breakdown.<ref name="Chan">[[David P. Chandler|Chandler, David P.]] "The Land and the People of Cambodia". 1991. HarperCollins. New York, New York. p 77</ref><ref>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20040613-0915-fallenangkor.html Scientists dig and fly over Angkor in search of answers to golden city's fall], The Associated Press, June 13, 2004</ref> The court moved the capital to [[Lovek]] where the kingdom sought to regain its glory through maritime trade. The attempt was short-lived however, as continued wars with the Ayutthaya and [[Vietnam]]ese resulted in the loss of more territory and Lovek being conquered in 1594. During the next three centuries, the Khmer kingdom alternated as a vassal state of the Ayutthaya Kingdom and Vietnamese kings, as well as short-lived periods of relative independence.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}

===Modernity and French Indochina===
[[File:King Norodom.jpg|thumb|200px|upright|[[Norodom of Cambodia|King Norodom]] is credited for saving Cambodia from disappearing altogether]]
[[File:AngkorWat Delaporte1880.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Voyage to [[Angkor Wat]] in the 1880's]]
[[Image:Pagoda-Nerodom-I 1904.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Pagoda in [[Oudong]] with statue of [[king]] [[Norodom]] First [[1834 - 1904]] after his death. ''Die Katholische Missionen'', September 1904]]

In 1863, [[Norodom of Cambodia|King Norodom]] &ndash; who had been installed by Thailand &ndash;<ref name="CHANDLER">{{Cite book| last = Chandler | first = D.P. | author-link = David P. Chandler | title = A history of Cambodia (2nd ed.) | publisher = Westview Press | year = 1993 | location = Boulder, Colorado }}</ref> sought the protection of France from the Thai and Vietnamese, after tensions grew between them. In 1867, the Thai king signed a treaty with France, renouncing [[suzerainty]] over Cambodia in exchange for the control of [[Battambang Province|Battambang]] and [[Siem Reap Province|Siem Reap]] provinces which officially became part of [[Thailand]]. The provinces were ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty between France and Thailand in 1906.

Cambodia continued as a [[French protectorate of Cambodia|protectorate of France]] from 1863 to 1953, administered as part of the [[colony]] of [[French Indochina]], though [[Japanese occupation of Cambodia|occupied]] by the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese empire]] from 1941 to 1945.<ref name="Kamm" /> After King Norodom's death in 1904, France manipulated the choice of king and Sisowath, Norodom's brother, was placed on the throne. The throne became vacant in 1941 with the death of Monivong, Sisowath's son, and France passed over Monivong's son, Monireth, feeling he was too independently minded. Instead, [[Norodom Sihanouk]], a maternal grand-son of king Sisowath, who was eighteen years old at the time, was enthroned. The French thought young Sihanouk would be easy to control.<ref name="Kamm">{{Cite book| last = Kamm | first = Henry | author-link = Henry Kamm | title = Cambodia: report from a stricken land | url = http://books.google.com/?id=wtBkD5CoIMkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Cambodia+Report+from+a+Stricken+Land#v=onepage&q= | publisher = Arcade Publishing | year = 1998 | location = New York | page = 27 | isbn = 1559704330}}</ref> They were wrong, however, and under the reign of King Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodia gained independence from France on November 9, 1953.<ref name="Kamm" />

===Independence and Vietnam War===
[[File:Ang Duong Chedey.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Stūpa]] of King [[Ang Duong]].]]
Cambodia became a constitutional monarchy under King Norodom Sihanouk. When [[French Indochina]] was given independence, Cambodia lost official control over the [[Mekong Delta]] as it was awarded to [[Vietnam]]. The area had been controlled by the Vietnamese since 1698 with King [[Chey Chettha II]] granting Vietnamese permission to settle in the area decades before.<ref name="Kamm">{{Cite book| last = Kamm | first = Henry | author-link = Henry Kamm | title = Cambodia Report from a Stricken Land | publisher = Arcade Publishing | year = 1998 | location = New York | page = 23 }}</ref>

In 1955, Sihanouk abdicated in favour of his father in order to be elected [[Prime Minister]]. Upon his father's death in 1960, Sihanouk again became head of state, taking the title of Prince. As the [[Vietnam War]] progressed, Sihanouk adopted an official policy of [[neutral country|neutrality]] in the [[Cold War]] although he was widely considered to be sympathetic to the Communist cause. While visiting Beijing, he was [[Cambodian coup of 1970|ousted in 1970]] by a military [[coup d'état|coup]] led by Prime Minister General [[Lon Nol]] and Prince Sisowath [[Sirik Matak]] with the back-up support of the United States. The King urged his followers to help in overthrowing the pro-United States government of Lon Nol, hastening the onset of [[Cambodian Civil War|civil war]].<ref name="SIHNK">{{Cite book| last = Sihanouk | first = Norodom | authorlink = Norodom Sihanouk | title = My War with the CIA, The Memoirs of Prince Norodom Sihanouk as related to Wilfred Burchett | publisher = Pantheon Books | year = 1973}}</ref> Soon the [[Khmer Rouge]] rebels began using him to gain support.

Between 1969 and 1973, [[South Vietnam|Republic of Vietnam]] forces and U.S. forces bombed and [[Cambodian Campaign|briefly invaded Cambodia]] in an effort to disrupt the [[Viet Cong]] and Khmer Rouge.<ref name="SIDESHOW">{{Cite book
|last = Shawcross
|first = William
|authorlink = William Shawcross
|title = Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the destruction of Cambodia
|publisher = Touchstone
|year = 1987
|location = United States}}</ref> Some two million Cambodians were made [[refugee]]s by the war and fled to Phnom Penh. Estimates of the number of Cambodians killed during the bombing campaigns vary widely, as do views of the effects of the bombing. The US Seventh Air Force argued that the bombing prevented the fall of Phnom Penh in 1973 by killing 16,000 of 25,500 Khmer Rouge fighters besieging the city.<ref>Shawcross, ''Sideshow'' p. 298.</ref> However, journalist [[William Shawcross]] and Cambodia specialists [[Milton Osborne]], [[David P. Chandler]] and [[Ben Kiernan]] argued that the bombing drove peasants to join the Khmer Rouge.<ref>e.g. Chandler, David P. ''Pacific Affairs'', vol. 56, no. 2, Summer 1983, p. 295.</ref> Cambodia specialist Craig Etcheson argued that the Khmer Rouge "would have won anyway", even without US intervention driving recruitment, although the US indirectly played a minor role in the growth of the [[Khmer Rouge]].<ref>Etcheson, Craig, ''The Rise and Demise of Democratic Kampuchea'', Westview Press, 1984, p. 97</ref>

===Khmer Rouge rule===
[[File:ChoeungEk-Darter-14.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A stupa which houses the skulls of those killed at [[Choeung Ek]].]]
As the war ended, a draft US AID report observed that the country faced famine in 1975, with 75% of its draft animals destroyed, and that rice planting for the next harvest would have to be done "by the hard labour of seriously malnourished people". The report predicted that
<blockquote>''"Without large-scale external food and equipment assistance there will be widespread starvation between now and next February&nbsp;... Slave labour and starvation rations for half the nation's people (probably heaviest among those who supported the republic) will be a cruel necessity for this year, and general deprivation and suffering will stretch over the next two or three years before Cambodia can get back to rice self-sufficiency"''.<ref>Shawcross, ''Sideshow'' pp. 374–375.</ref></blockquote>

The [[Khmer Rouge]] reached Phnom Penh and took power in 1975. The regime, led by [[Pol Pot]], changed the official name of the country to [[Democratic Kampuchea]]. They immediately evacuated the cities and sent the entire population on forced marches to rural work projects. They attempted to rebuild the country's agriculture on the model of the 11th century, discarded Western medicine, and destroyed temples, libraries, and anything considered Western. Over a million Cambodians, out of a total population of 8 million, died from executions, overwork, starvation and disease.<ref name="kaplan"/>

Estimates as to how many people were killed by the Khmer Rouge regime range from approximately one to three million, with two million (or about one-fourth of the population) being the most commonly cited figure.<ref>Shawcross, William, ''The Quality of Mercy: Cambodia, Holocaust and Modern Conscience'', Touchstone, 1985, pp. 115–116.</ref><ref>Vickery, Michael, Correspondence, ''Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars'', vol. 20, no. 1, January–March 1988, p. 73.</ref> This era gave rise to the term [[Killing Fields]], and the prison [[Tuol Sleng]] became notorious for its history of mass killing. Hundreds of thousands fled across the border into neighbouring [[Thailand]]. The regime disproportionately targeted [[Ethnic groups in Cambodia|ethnic minority]] groups. The [[Cham people|Cham]] Muslims suffered serious purges with as much as half of their population exterminated.<ref>[http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/stantoncambodianlaw.htm The Cambodian Genocide and International Law], By Dr. Gregory H. Stanton, Presented February 22, 1992 at Yale Law School</ref>

In the late 1960s, an estimated 425,000 ethnic [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] lived in Cambodia, but by 1984, as a result of Khmer Rouge genocide and emigration, only about 61,400 Chinese remained in the country.<ref>[http://www.country-studies.com/cambodia/the-chinese.html Cambodia the Chinese]. Country Studies.</ref> The professions, such as doctors, lawyers, and teachers, were also targeted. According to [[Robert D. Kaplan]], "eyeglasses were as deadly as the [[yellow badge|yellow star]]" as they were seen as a sign of intellectualism.<ref name="kaplan">Kaplan, Robert D., ''The Ends of the Earth'', Vintage, 1996, p. 406.</ref>

===End of Khmer Rouge rule and transition===
In November 1978, [[Vietnam]]ese troops [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Cambodia]].<ref name="CGG">CambodianGenocide.org.[http://www.cambodiangenocide.org/genocide.htm ''A Brief History of the Cambodian Genocide''.]. Retrieved July 25, 2006.</ref> The [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]], a [[Eastern Bloc|Pro-Soviet]] state led by the [[Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation|Salvation Front]], a group of Cambodian leftists dissatisfied with the Khmer Rouge, was established.

In 1981, three years after the [[Vietnam]]ese invasion, the country was divided up between a further three factions that the United Nations euphemistically referred to as the [[Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea]]. This consisted of the [[Khmer Rouge]], a royalist faction led by Sihanouk, and the [[Khmer People's National Liberation Front]]. The [[Khmer Rouge]] representative to the [[United Nations]], Thiounn Prasith was retained.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/cgp/thiounn.html |title=Yale University, '&#39;http://www.yale.edu/cgp/thiounn.html'&#39;; accessed April 7, 2010 |publisher=Yale.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://disarmament.un.org/Library.nsf/d7ae8ea134b27b838525755c00537cf2/f5b3eb8b58ae67c7852575a100632a27/$FILE/A-40-PV69.pdf |title=United Nations, '&#39;http://disarmament.un.org/Library.nsf/d7ae8ea134b27b838525755c00537cf2/f5b3eb8b58ae67c7852575a100632a27/$FILE/A-40-PV69.pdf'&#39;; accessed April 7, 2010 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-06-27}}</ref>

Throughout the 1980s the [[Khmer Rouge]], supported by [[Thailand]], continued to fight against the Vietnamese and their allied Cambodian government. These attacks, compounded by economic sanctions<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1584/is_n3_v3/ai_11875348/ |title=site, '&#39;http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1584/is_n3_v3/ai_11875348/ US Department of State Dispatch'&#39;; accessed April 7, 2010 |publisher=Findarticles.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-27 | year=1992}}</ref> from the [[United States]] and its allies, helped to stall recovery in the wake of the genocide, as did the denial of all development aid by the [[United Nations Development Program]] and the denial of medical aid by the [[World Health Organisation]]<ref name="Year Zero: The Silent Death of Cambodia">Pilger, John. 1979</ref>.

[[Modern Cambodia#Peace efforts and the free elections|Peace efforts]] began in Paris in 1989 under the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea#Transition: State of Cambodia (1989 - 1993)|State of Cambodia]], culminating two years later in October 1991 in a comprehensive peace settlement. The [[United Nations]] was given a mandate to enforce a ceasefire, and deal with refugees and disarmament known as the [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia]] (UNTAC).<ref name="USDOS3">US Department of State. [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2732.htm Country Profile of Cambodia.]. Retrieved July 26, 2006.</ref>

===Restoration of the constitutional monarchy===
In recent years, reconstruction efforts have progressed and led to some political stability under the form of a [[multi-party system|multiparty]] [[democracy]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]].<ref name="CIA2009">CIA – The World Factbook. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cb.html ''Cambodia''.]. Retrieved September 13, 2009.</ref> [[Norodom Sihanouk]] was restored as [[King of Cambodia]] in 1993.

The stability established following the conflict was shaken in 1997 by a [[coup d'état]],<ref name="97COUP">UN OHCHR Cambodia {{PDFlink|[http://cambodia.ohchr.org/Documents/Statements%20and%20Speeches/English/40.pdf]|10.3&nbsp;KB}}</ref> but has otherwise remained in place. Cambodia has been aided by a number of more developed nations like Japan, France, Germany, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, the United States and the United Kingdom.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

In July 2010 [[Duch|Kang Kek Iew]] was the first Khmer Rouge member found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity in his role as the former commandant of the S21 extermination camp. He will serve 19 years in prison.<ref name="BBC">BBC News. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-10757320 ''Khmer Rouge prison chief Duch found guilty''.]. Retrieved October 11, 2010.</ref>

==Politics and government==

The politics of Cambodia formally take place, according to the nation's [[constitution]] of 1993, in the framework of a [[constitutional monarchy]] operated as a [[parliamentary democracy|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]]. The [[Prime Minister of Cambodia]] is the [[head of government]], and of a pluriform [[multi-party system]], while the [[King of Cambodia|king]] is the [[head of state]].

The Prime Minister is appointed by the King, on the advice and with the approval of the [[National Assembly of Cambodia|National Assembly]]; the Prime Minister and his or her ministerial appointees exercise [[executive power]] in government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the executive and the two chambers of parliament, the [[National Assembly of Cambodia]] and the [[Senate of Cambodia|Senate]].

On October 14, 2004, King [[Norodom Sihamoni]] was selected by a special nine-member throne council, part of a selection process that was quickly put in place after the surprise abdication of King [[Norodom Sihanouk]] a week before. Sihamoni's selection was endorsed by Prime Minister [[Hun Sen]] and National Assembly Speaker Prince [[Norodom Ranariddh]] (the king's half brother and current chief advisor), both members of the throne council. He was enthroned in Phnom Penh on October 29, 2004.

==Armed forces==
{{Main|Royal Cambodian Armed Forces}}
[[Image:US Navy 100607-N-6770T-001 Royal Cambodian Marines embark aboard the amphibious dock landing ship USS Tortuga (LSD 46).jpg|thumb|240px|left|USS Tortuga docked at [[Sihanoukville]]]]

The Royal Cambodian Armed Forces consists of the [[Royal Cambodian Army]], the [[Royal Cambodian Navy]], and the [[Royal Cambodian Air Force]]. The [[Norodom Sihamoni|king]] is the Supreme Commander of the [[Royal Cambodian Armed Forces]] (RCAF) and the country's [[Hun Sen|prime minister]] effectively holds the position of [[commander-in-chief]]. The introduction of a revised command structure early in 2000 was a key prelude to the reorganisation of the RCAF. This saw the ministry of national defence form three subordinate general departments responsible for logistics and finance, materials and technical services, and defence services. The High Command Headquarters (HCHQ) was left unchanged, but the general staff was dismantled and the former will assume responsibility over three autonomous infantry divisions. A joint staff was also formed, responsible for inter-service co-ordination and staff management within HCHQ.

The minister of National Defence is General [[Tea Banh]]. Banh has served as defence minister since 1979. The Secretaries of State for Defence are Chay Saing Yun and Por Bun Sreu. In January 2009, General Ke Kim Yan was removed from his post as Commander-in-Chief of the RCAF and was replaced by his deputy, Gen. Pol Saroeun, the new Commander-in-Chief of the RCAF, who is a long time loyalist of Prime Minister Hun Sen. There were rumours that Prime Minister Hun Sen had plans to remove Ke Kim Yan from commander of RCAF because of an internal dispute in the [[Cambodian People's Party|CPP]]. Days later after the news broke out that Yan was being removed, members of the CPP Party said it was a regular reshuffle of the Kingdom's military leadership and that there are no internal problems within the CPP party. It is expected that Ke Kim Yan will be promoted to Deputy Prime Minister by Hun Sen and will be in charge of anti-drugs trafficking. The [[Commander|Army Commander]] is General [[Meas Sophea]] and the [[Army Chief of Staff]] is Chea Saran.

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Cambodia}}
[[File:Kampong Speu.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Monsoon season in [[Kampong Speu Province]]]]
[[File:Koh Tonsay 1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Palm Trees on Koh Tonsay]]
Cambodia has an area of 181,035 square kilometers (69,898&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) and lies entirely within the tropics. It borders Thailand to the north and west, Laos to the northeast, and [[Vietnam]] to the east and southeast. It has a 443-kilometer (275&nbsp;mi) coastline along the [[Gulf of Thailand]].

The most distinctive geographical feature is the [[lacustrine plain]], formed by the inundations of the [[Tonle Sap]] (Great Lake), measuring about 2,590 square kilometers (1,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) during the dry season and expanding to about 24,605 square kilometers (9,500&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) during the rainy season. This densely populated plain, which is devoted to wet rice cultivation, is the heartland of Cambodia. Much of this area has been designated as a biosphere reserve.

Most (about 75%) of the country lies at elevations of less than 100 metres (330&nbsp;ft) above sea level, the exceptions being the [[Cardamom Mountains]] (highest elevation 1,813&nbsp;m&nbsp;/&nbsp;5,948&nbsp;ft) and their southeast extension the [[Dâmrei Mountains]] ("Elephant Mountains") (elevation range 500–1,000&nbsp;m or 1,640–3,280&nbsp;ft), as well the steep escarpment of the [[Dângrêk Mountains]] (average elevation 500&nbsp;m&nbsp;/&nbsp;1,640&nbsp;ft) along the border with Thailand's [[Isan]] region. The highest elevation of Cambodia is [[Phnom Aoral]], near [[Pursat]] in the center of the country, at 1,813 meters (5,948&nbsp;ft).

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Cambodia}}
[[Image:Reisfelder Kambodscha Angkor2001.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Geography near Angkor]]
[[Image:Boats on Tonlé Sap river.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Fishing boats on the Tonle Sap river.]]
Cambodia's climate, like that of the rest of [[Southeast Asia]] is dominated by [[monsoons]], which are known as tropical wet and dry because of the distinctly marked seasonal differences.

Cambodia has a temperature range from {{convert|21|to|35|°C|°F|1}} and experiences tropical [[monsoon]]s. Southwest [[monsoon]]s blow inland bringing moisture-laden winds from the [[Gulf of Thailand]] and [[Indian Ocean]] from May to October. The northeast monsoon ushers in the dry season, which lasts from November to March. The country experiences the heaviest [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] from September to October with the driest period occurring from January to February.

Cambodia has two distinct seasons. The rainy season, which runs from May to October, can see temperatures drop to {{convert|22|°C|1}} and is generally accompanied with high humidity. The dry season lasts from November to April when temperatures can rise up to {{convert|40|°C}} around April. The best months to visit Cambodia are November to January when temperatures and humidity are lower. Disastrous flooding, due to extremely heavy rainfall, occurred in 2001 and again in 2002. Yet almost every year there is flooding to some degree.

<!--Please add new information into relevant articles of the series-->

==Administrative divisions==
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Cambodia}}

Capital (Reach Theani) and Provinces (Khaet) are Cambodia's First-level administrative divisions. Cambodian areas are divided into 23 provinces and the capital. Municipalities, Districts (Srok) and Khan are the second-level administrative divisions of Cambodia. The provinces are divided into 26 municipalities and 159 districts, and the capital is divided into 8 khan. The districts in turn are further divided into communes (khum) and sangkat. The municipalities and khan are divided into sangkat.

[[Image:Cambodia 1997 CIA map.jpg|thumb|240px|right| Map of Cambodia]]
[[Image:Kampong Trach Cave.JPG|thumb|220px|right|Kompong Trach Caves in [[Kampot]]]]
[[Image:WatPhnom PhnomPenh 2005 2.JPG|thumb|220px|right|[[Wat Phnom]] in [[Phnom Penh]]]]

===City and province sizes===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan ="2" |No.
! rowspan ="2" |City or province
! colspan ="2" | Area
|-
| <div class="center">km²</div>
| <div class="center">[[Square mile|sq&nbsp;mi]]</div>
|-
| 1
| Capital of [[Phnom Penh]]
| {{convert|290|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 2
| [[Kandal Province]]
| {{convert|3568|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 3
| [[Takeo Province]]
| {{convert|3563|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 4
| [[Kampong Cham Province]]
| {{convert|9799|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 5
| [[Kampong Thom Province]]
| {{convert|13814|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 6
| [[Siem Reap Province]]
| {{convert|10299|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 7
| [[Preah Vihear Province]]
| {{convert|13788|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 8
| [[Oddar Meancheay Province]]
| {{convert|6158|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 9
| [[Banteay Meanchey Province]]
| {{convert|6679|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 10
| [[Battambang Province]]
| {{convert|11072|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 11
| [[Pailin Province]]
| {{convert|803|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 12
| [[Pursat Province]]
| {{convert|12692|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 13
| [[Kampong Chhnang Province]]
| {{convert|5521|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 14
| [[Kampong Speu Province]]
| {{convert|7017|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 15
| [[Koh Kong Province]]
| {{convert|11160|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 16
| [[Sihanoukville Province]]
| {{convert|868|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 17
| [[Kampot Province]]
| {{convert|4873.2|km2|sqmi|1|disp=table}}
|-
| 18
| [[Kep Province]]
| {{convert|335.8|km2|sqmi|1|disp=table}}
|-
| 19
| [[Prey Veng Province]]
| {{convert|4883|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 20
| [[Svay Rieng Province]]
| {{convert|2966|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 21
| [[Kratie Province]]
| {{convert|11094|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 22
| [[Stung Treng Province]]
| {{convert|11092|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 23
| [[Ratanakiri Province]]
| {{convert|10782|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 24
| [[Mondulkiri Province]]
| {{convert|14288|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
| 25
| [[Tonlé Sap]]
| {{convert|3000|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|-
! colspan="2"| TOTAL AREA
| {{convert|181035|km2|sqmi|0|disp=table}}
|}

On 22 December 2008, King Norodom Sihamoni signed a Royal Decree that changed the municipalities of Kep, Pailin and Sihanoukville into provinces, as well as adjusting several provincial borders.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Decree creates three new provinces|author=Vong Sokheng|newspaper=The Phnom Penh Post|date=31 December 2008|page=3|quote=King Norodom Sihamoni signed a royal decree on December 22 that would change the municipalities of Kep, Sihanoukville and Pailin into provinces and re-demarcate the boundaries between the provinces of Battambang and Pursat, and Sihanoukville and Koh Kong.}}</ref>

==Foreign relations==
[[File:Vladimir Putin with Khieu Thavika.jpg|thumb|250px|Cambodia's ambassador to [[Russia]] Khieu Thavika presents his letter of credentials to former President [[Vladimir Putin]]. ]]
[[File:Cambodia-Vietnam-friendship-monument83.JPG|thumb|left|200px|The Cambodia-Vietnam friendship monument]]

{{Main|Foreign relations of Cambodia}}
Cambodia is a member of the United Nations, the [[World Bank]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]]. It is an [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB) member, a member of [[ASEAN]], and joined the [[WTO]] on October 13, 2004. In 2005 Cambodia attended the inaugural [[East Asia Summit]].

Cambodia has established [[diplomatic relations]] with numerous countries; the government reports twenty embassies in the country<ref>Royal Government of Cambodia.{{Cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/country.foreign_embassy.html |title=Foreign Embassies |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070212040416/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/country.foreign_embassy.html |archivedate=2007-02-12}}</ref> including many of its Asian neighbours and those of important players during the Paris peace negotiations, including the US, Australia, Canada, China, the European Union (EU), Japan, and Russia.<ref>Catharin E. Dalpino and David G. Timberman. "{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/cambodia_policy.html |title=Cambodia's Political Future: Issues for U.S. Policy |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051028015243/http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/cambodia_policy.html |archivedate=2005-10-28}}", ''Asia Society,'' March 26, 1998.</ref> As a result of its international relations, various [[charitable organizations]] have assisted with both [[social]] and [[Civil engineering|civil]] [[infrastructure]] needs.

While the violent ruptures of the 1970s and 80s have passed, several [[border dispute]]s between Cambodia and its neighbours persist. There are disagreements over some offshore islands and sections of the boundary with Vietnam, and undefined maritime boundaries and border areas with Thailand.

[[File:Phraviharngopura.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Preah Vihear temple is one of the main factors of the current [[2008 Cambodian-Thai stand-off|Cambodia-Thai dispute]]]]
In January 2003, there were anti-Thai [[2003 Phnom Penh riots|riots in Phnom Penh]] prompted by rumoured comments about Angkor Wat allegedly made by a Thai actress and printed in ''Reaksmei Angkor'', a Cambodian newspaper, and later quoted by Prime Minister [[Hun Sen]].<ref name="USDOS2">Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs of the US Department of State.[http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rpt/20565.htm ''Report to the Congress on the Anti-Thai Riots in Cambodia on January 29, 2003''.]</ref> The Thai government sent military aircraft to evacuate Thai nationals and closed its border with Cambodia to Thais and Cambodians (at no time was the border ever closed to foreigners or Western tourists) while Thais demonstrated outside the Cambodian embassy in [[Bangkok]]. The border was re-opened on March 21, after the Cambodian government paid $6 million [[USD]] in compensation for the destruction of the Thai embassy and agreed to compensate individual Thai businesses for their losses. The "comments" that had sparked the riots turned out to have never been made. More problems came between Cambodia and Thailand in mid 2008 when Cambodia wanted to list [[Preah Vihear Temple|Prasat Preah Vihear]] as a UNESCO World heritage site, which later resulted in a [[2008 Cambodian-Thai stand-off|stand-off]] in which both countries deployed their soldiers near the border and around the disputed territory between the two countries. Conflict restarted in April 2009, where 2 Thai soldiers died as a result of a recent clash.<ref name="Strait">Cambodia, Thai troops on alert.[http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/SE%2BAsia/Story/STIStory_358184.html ''Straits Times''.]</ref>

==Wildlife of Cambodia==
[[File:IndianElephant.jpg|thumb|250px|upright|The [[Indian Elephant]] is the most common type of Asian elephant found in Cambodia]]
{{Main|Wildlife of Cambodia}}
{{See also|Deforestation in Cambodia}}
Cambodia has a wide variety of plants and animals. There are 212 [[mammal]] species, 536 bird species, 240 [[reptile]] species, 850 freshwater [[fish]] species (Tonle Sap Lake area), and 435 marine fish species. Much of this biodiversity is contained around the Tonle Sap Lake and the surrounding biosphere.<ref>Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve: perspective 2000, Mekong River Commission (MRC), Mar 1 2003. Retrieved from TSBR website, 29/12/2008 [http://www.tsbr-ed.org/english/online_catalogue/textual_detail.asp?ref=141]</ref> The [[Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve]] is a unique ecological phenomenon surrounding the Tonle Sap. It encompasses the lake and nine provinces: [[Kampong Thom Province|Kampong Thom]], [[Siem Reap Province|Siem Reap]], [[Battambang Province|Battambang]], [[Pursat Province|Pursat]], [[Kampong Chhnang Province|Kampong Chhnang]], [[Banteay Meanchey Province|Banteay Meanchey]], [[Krong Pailin]], [[Otdar Meanchey Province|Otdar Meanchey]] and [[Preah Vihear Province|Preah Vihear]]. In 1997, it was successfully nominated as a [[UNESCO]] [[Biosphere Reserve]].<ref>Complete list of biosphere reserves in pdf, Publication Date: 03-11-2008, retrieved from UNESCO website, 29/12/2008 [http://www.unesco.org/mab/doc/brs/BRlist2008.pdf]</ref> Other key habitats include the dry forest of [[Mondolkiri]] and [[Ratanakiri]] provinces and the [[Cardamom Mountains]] ecosystem, including Bokor National Park, [[Botum-Sakor National Park]], and the Phnom Aural and Phnom Samkos wildlife sanctuaries.

The country has experienced one of the highest [[deforestation]] rates in the world. Since 1969, Cambodia's primary rainforest cover has fallen from over 70 percent to just 3.1 percent in 2007. In total, Cambodia lost {{convert|25000|km2|sqmi|-2}} of forest between 1990 and 2005—{{convert|3340|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of which was primary forest. Since 2007, less than {{convert|3220|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of primary forest remain with the result that the future [[sustainability]] of the forest reserves of Cambodia is under severe threat, with illegal loggers looking to generate revenue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/20049/story.htm |title=Logging threatens Cambodian tragedy – UN |publisher=Planet Ark |date=2003-03-06 |accessdate=2010-06-27}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[Image:OCIC Tower.JPG|thumb|upright|The OCIC Tower in Phnom Penh.]]
{{Main|Economy of Cambodia}}
[[File:Cambodiaricefarming.jpg|thumb|left|Rice cropping plays an important role in the economy.]]
[[Image:Angkor Wat from north pond.JPG|thumb|left|[[Angkor Wat]] is a popular tourist destination in Cambodia ]]

Cambodia's [[per capita income]] is rapidly increasing, but is low compared with other countries in the region. Most rural households depend on agriculture and its related sub-sectors. Rice, fish, timber, garments and rubber are Cambodia's major exports. The [[International Rice Research Institute]] (IRRI) reintroduced more than 750 traditional rice varieties to Cambodia from its rice seed bank in the [[Philippines]].<ref>Jahn 2006,[http://www.irri.org/publications/today/pdfs/6-2/RiceToday%206-2.pdf 2007]</ref> These varieties had been collected in the 1960s.

In 1987, the Australian government funded IRRI to assist Cambodia to improve its rice production. By 2000, Cambodia was once again self-sufficient in rice.<ref>Puckridge 2004, Fredenburg and Hill 1978</ref> However, few Cambodian farmers grow other crops leaving them vulnerable to crop failure. In recent years, various international aid organisations have begun crop diversification programs to encourage farmers to grow other crops.

The recovery of Cambodia's economy slowed dramatically in 1997–98, because of the [[Asian financial crisis|regional economic crisis]], civil violence, and political infighting. [[Foreign Direct Investment|Foreign investment]] and tourism also fell off drastically. Since then however, growth has been steady. In 1999, the first full year of peace in 30 years, progress was made on economic reforms and [[economic growth|growth]] resumed at 5.0%.

Despite severe flooding, GDP grew at 5.0% in 2000, 6.3% in 2001, and 5.2% in 2002. Tourism was Cambodia's fastest growing industry, with arrivals increasing from 219,000 in 1997 to 1,055,000 in 2004. During 2003 and 2004 the growth rate remained steady at 5.0%, while in 2004 inflation was at 1.7% and exports at $1.6 billion [[United States Dollar|USD]]. As of 2005, [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] per capita in PPP terms was $2,200, which ranked 178th (out of 233) countries.<ref name="CIARANK">CIA Factbook. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html GDP per Capita rankings]. Retrieved July 24, 2006.</ref>

The older population often lacks education, particularly in the countryside, which suffers from a lack of basic [[infrastructure]]. Fear of renewed political instability and corruption within the government discourage foreign investment and delay foreign aid, although there has been significant assistance from bilateral and multilateral donors. Donors pledged $504 million to the country in 2004,<ref name="CIACB">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cb.html CIA FactBook.]. Retrieved September 9, 2006.</ref> while the Asian Development Bank alone has provided $850 million in loans, grants, and technical assistance.<ref name=ADB>[http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_Sheets/CAM.asp A Fact Sheet: Cambodia and ADB], Asian Development Bank. Retrieved September 9, 2006.</ref>

The tourism industry is the country's second-greatest source of [[hard currency]] after the textile industry.<ref name="USDOS3"/> Between January and December 2007, visitor arrivals were 2.0 million, an increase of 18.5% over the same period in 2006. Most visitors (51%) arrived through [[Siem Reap]] with the remainder (49%) through Phnom Penh and other destinations.<ref name="CAGOV">Ministry of Tourism. . Retrieved December 29, 2008.</ref> Other tourist destinations include [[Sihanoukville]] in the south east which has several popular beaches, and the area around [[Kampot (city)|Kampot]] and [[Kep]] including the [[Bokor Hill Station]].

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Cambodia|Ethnic groups in Cambodia}}
[[File:Buddha01a.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Buddhism]] is the major religion in Cambodia]]
[[Image:Angkor wat temple.jpg|thumb|The main entrance to the temple proper, seen from the eastern end of the [[Architecture of Cambodia#Naga|Naga causeway]] on the western side of the temple.]]
90% of its population is of [[Khmer people|Khmer]] origin and speaks the [[Khmer language]], the country's official language. The remainder include [[Chinese Cambodian|Chinese]], Vietnamese, [[Cham people|Cham]] and [[Khmer Loeu]].<ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cb.html</ref>

The Khmer language is a member of the [[Mon-Khmer]] subfamily of the [[Austroasiatic language]] group. French, once the language of government in [[Indochina]], is still spoken by many older Cambodians. French is also the language of instruction in some schools and universities that are funded by the government of France. [[Cambodian French (linguistics)|Cambodian French]], a remnant of the country's colonial past, is a dialect found in Cambodia and is sometimes used in government.

However, in recent decades, many younger Cambodians and those in the business-class have favoured learning English. In the major cities and tourist centers, English is widely spoken and taught at a large number of schools because of the overwhelming number of tourists from English-speaking countries. Even in the most rural outposts, most young people speak at least some English, as it is often taught by monks at the local pagodas where many children are educated.

[[File:Battambangwomen.jpg|thumb|Local women at a market in [[Battambang]]]]

{{Bar box
|title=Cambodia religiosity
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=religion
|right1=percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{Bar percent|Buddhism|yellow|96}}
{{Bar percent|Islam|green|2}}
{{Bar percent|Christianity|blue|2}}
}}

The dominant religion, a form of [[Theravada Buddhism]] (95%), was suppressed by the Khmer Rouge but has since experienced a revival. [[Islam]] (3%) and [[Christianity]] (2%) are also practiced.<ref name="USDOS">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labour of the US Department of State. [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51507.htm ''International Religious Freedom Report 2005''.]. Retrieved July 24, 2006.</ref>

The civil war and its aftermath have had a marked effect on the Cambodian population. 50% of the population is younger than 22. At 0.96 males/female, Cambodia has the most female-biased sex ratio in the Greater Mekong Subregion.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2018.html CIA World Factbook]</ref> In the Cambodian population over 65, the female to male ratio is 1.6:1.<ref name="CIACB"/>

[[UNICEF]] has designated Cambodia the third most [[landmine]]d country in the world,<ref name="UNICEF">UNICEF. [http://www.unicef.org/sowc96/9ldmines.htm "The Legacy of Landmines"]. Retrieved July 25, 2006.</ref> attributing over 60,000 civilian deaths and thousands more maimed or injured since 1970 to the unexploded land mines left behind in rural areas.<ref name="PBSORG">PBS.org (July 25, 2003). [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week647/cover.html ''Cambodia Land Mines''.]. Retrieved July 24, 2006.</ref> The majority of the victims are children herding animals or playing in the fields.<ref name="UNICEF"/>

Adults that survive landmines often require amputation of one or more limbs and have to resort to begging for survival.<ref name="PBSORG"/> In 2006, the number of landmine casualties in Cambodia took a sharp decrease of more than 50% compared to 2005, with the number of landmine victims down from 800 in 2005 to less than 400 in 2006. The reduced casualty rate continued in 2007, with 208 casualties (38 killed and 170 injured).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lm.icbl.org/index.php/publications/display?url=lm/2007/cambodia.html |title=Cambodia, Landmine Monitor Report 2007 |publisher=Lm.icbl.org |date= |accessdate=2010-06-27}}</ref>

===Health===
{{Main|Health in Cambodia}}
Cambodia's [[infant mortality rate]] has decreased from 115 in 1993 to 89.4 per 1000 live births in 1998. In the same period, the under-five mortality rate decreased from 181 to 115 per 1000 live births.<ref name="cambodiawho">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccs_khm_en.pdf|title=WHO country cooperation strategy|format=PDF|publisher=World Health Organization|date=April 2001|accessdate=2009-06-22}}</ref> In the province with worst health indicators, [[Health in Ratanakiri Province|Ratanakiri]], 22.9% of children die before the age of five.<ref>[http://www.methodfinder.com/wfpatlas/index.php?page=03&lang=e "National Child Mortality and Malnutrition (Food Insecurity Outcome) Maps"]. [[United Nations]] [[World Food Programme]]. Retrieved 2008-05-04.</ref>

==Culture and society==
{{Main|Culture of Cambodia|Sport in Cambodia}}

[[File:Kampongbuddhart.jpg|thumb|right|Buddhist art at Phnom Santuk, [[Kompong Thom]].]]
[[Image:Apsara frame 8.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Apsara Dancers]]
[[Image:OlympicStadiumPhnomPenhDerFussi.jpg|thumb|225px|Olympic Stadium in Phnom Penh]]
[[Image:Blessing Dance 7.jpg|thumb|225px|right|Blessing Dance]]

{{Refimprove|date=September 2010}}

Various factors contribute to Cambodian culture including [[Theravada Buddhism]], [[French culture|French Colonialism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Angkor|Angkor era culture]], and [[globalization|modern globalization]]. The [[Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Cambodia|Cambodian Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts]] is responsible for promoting and developing Cambodian culture. Cambodian culture not only includes the culture of the lowland ethnic majority, the Khmer, but of also some 20 culturally distinct hill tribes colloquially known as the [[Khmer Loeu]], a term coined by [[Norodom Sihanouk]] to generate unity between the highlanders and lowlanders.

Rural Cambodians wear a [[krama]] scarf which is a unique aspect of [[Cambodian clothing]]. Khmer culture, as developed and spread by the [[Khmer empire]], has distinctive styles of dance, architecture and sculpture, which have been exchanged with neighbouring [[Laos]] and [[Thailand]] through the history. [[Angkor Wat]] (''Angkor'' means "city" and ''Wat'' "temple") is the best preserved example of Khmer architecture from the Angkorian era and hundreds of other temples have been discovered in and around the region.

Traditionally, the Khmer people have a unique method of recording information on Tra leaf. Tra leaf books record information on legends of the Khmer people, the Ramayana, the origin of Buddhism and other prayer book series. They are greatly taken care of and wrapped in cloth as to protect from moisture and the jungle climate.<ref>{{Cite web|author=VIETNAMNET, Ha Noi, Viet nam |url=http://english.vietnamnet.vn/travel/2008/09/805123/ |title=VietNam Net, '&#39;http://english.vietnamnet.vn/travel/2008/09/805123/'&#39;; accessed January 31, 2009 |publisher=English.vietnamnet.vn |date= |accessdate=2010-06-27}}</ref>

[[Bonn Om Teuk]] (Festival of Boat Racing), the annual boat rowing contest, is the most attended Cambodian national festival. Held at the end of the rainy season when the Mekong river begins to sink back to its normal levels allowing the Tonle Sap River to reverse flow, approximately 10% of Cambodia's population attends this event each year to play games, give thanks to the moon, watch fireworks, and attend the boat race in a carnival-type atmosphere.<ref name="KMGOV">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/news.view.html?doc_oid=@140%7C1%7C1 |title=Government of Cambodia Webpage, ''Bonn Om Touk, the Water and Moon Festivals''; accessed July 24, 2006 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071011210454/http://cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/news.view.html?doc_oid=@140%7c1%7c1 |archivedate=2007-10-11}}</ref> Popular games include [[cockfight]]ing, [[soccer]], and kicking a ''sey,'' which is similar to a [[footbag]]. Based on the classical Indian solar calendar and [[Theravada Buddhism]], the [[Cambodian New Year]] is a major holiday that takes place in April. Recent artistic figures include singers [[Sinn Sisamouth]] and [[Ros Sereysothea]] (and later [[Meng Keo Pichenda]]), who introduced new musical styles to the country.

[[File:Katieu.jpg|thumb|left|Phnom Penh Style Noodle Soup (Ka Tieu Phnom Penh)]]
Rice, as in other [[Southeast Asia]]n countries, is the staple grain, while fish from the Mekong and Tonle Sap also form an important part of the diet. The Cambodian per capita supply of fish and fish products for food and trade in 2000 was 20 [[kilogram]]s of fish per year or 2&nbsp;[[avoirdupois|ounces]] per day per person.<ref name="EARTH">{{PDFlink|[http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Coa_cou_116.pdf Earthtrends.org Cambodia Country Profile]}}</ref> Some of the fish can be made into [[prahok]] for longer storage. The [[cuisine of Cambodia]] contains tropical fruits, soups and noodles. Key ingredients in Cambodian cuisine are [[kaffir lime]], [[lemon grass]], [[garlic]], [[fish sauce]], [[soy sauce]], [[curry]], [[tamarind]], [[ginger]], [[oyster sauce]], [[coconut milk]] and [[black pepper]].

An example of French influence on Cambodian cuisine, is Cambodian red curry with toasted [[baguette]] bread. The toasted baguette pieces are dipped in the curry and eaten. Cambodian red curry is also eaten with [[rice]] and [[rice vermicelli]] noodles. Probably the most popular dine out dish, ka tieu, is a ''pork broth'' [[rice noodle]] [[noodle soup|soup]] with fried [[garlic]], [[scallions]], [[green onions]] that may also contain various toppings such as [[beef balls]], [[shrimp]], pork liver or [[lettuce]]. The cuisine is relatively unknown to the world compared to that of its neighbours Thailand and Vietnam.

[[Association Football|Football]] is one of the more popular sports, although professional organized sports are not as prevalent in Cambodia as in western countries because of the economic conditions. Football was brought to Cambodia by the French and became popular with the locals.<ref>[http://www.aseanfootball.org/affiliates_02.asp ''AFF- The official site of the ASEAN Football Federation'']. Retrieved February 20, 2009.</ref> The [[Cambodia national football team]] managed fourth in the [[Asian Cup 1972|1972 Asian Cup]] but development has slowed since the civil war. Western sports such as volleyball, bodybuilding, field hockey, [[rugby union]], golf, and baseball are gaining popularity. Native sports include [[Dragon boat|traditional boat racing]], buffalo racing, [[Pradal Serey]], [[Khmer traditional wrestling]] and [[Bokator]]. Cambodia first participated in the [[Olympics]] during the [[Cambodia at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Summer Olympic Games]] sending [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|Equestrian]] riders. Cambodia also hosted the [[GANEFO]] Games, the alternative to the Olympics, in the 1960s.

===Music===
{{Main|Music of Cambodia}}
[[Image:Khmer instruments 04.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''tro'']]

Traditional Cambodian music dates back as far as the [[Khmer empire|Khmer Empire]]. Royal dances like the [[Apsara]] Dance are icons of the Cambodian Culture. Popular types of dances are Romvong, commonly danced at festivals. The Classic Music Era of Cambodia was during the 1960s to the 1970s featuring notable singers [[Sinn Sisamouth|Sin Sisamouth]] and [[Ros Sereysothea]]. However, during the [[Khmer rouge|Khmer Rouge Revolution]] many classic and popular singers of the 60s and 70s died of execution, starvation, or overwork{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}.

===The Internet===
{{Main|The Internet in Cambodia}}

{{Refimprove|date=September 2010}}

As Cambodia continues to grow, so does its connection to the world. These days there are numerous places where internet is available for public use, such as coffee shops, bars, restaurants and gas stations.

The increased connection to the internet has created the desire for more websites focused on Cambodia. Because of the literacy rate in Cambodia, the issue arises of whether Cambodia-focused sites need be in English or Khmer. English is the predominant language of the internet, and the majority of internet users in Cambodia are able to understand English, but with the use of Khmer unicode more sites have the capability to provide Khmer language versions.

==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Cambodia}}

[[File:Siem reap airport.JPG|thumb|left|[[Angkor International Airport|Siem Reap International Airport]]]]
[[File:Road 4 to Sihanouk.JPG|thumb|National Highway 4]]

The civil war and [[neglect]] severely damaged Cambodia's transport system, but with assistance and equipment from other countries Cambodia has been upgrading the main highways to international standards and most are vastly improved from 2006. Most main roads are now paved.

Cambodia has two rail lines, totalling about 612 kilometers (380&nbsp;mi) of single, one&nbsp;meter&nbsp;gauge track.<ref name="CNTRYDTA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-2187.html |title=CountryData.com |publisher=CountryData.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-27}}</ref> The lines run from the capital to Sihanoukville on the southern coast, and from Phnom Penh to [[Sisophon]] (although trains often run only as far as [[Battambang]]). Currently only one passenger train per week operates, between Phnom Penh and Battambang.

Besides the main interprovincial traffic artery connecting the capital [[Phnom Penh]] with [[Sihanoukville]], resurfacing a former dirt road with concrete / asphalt and implementation of 5 major river crossings by means of bridges have now permanently connected Phnom Penh with [[Koh Kong (city)|Koh Kong]] and hence there is now uninterrupted road access to neighboring Thailand and their vast road system.

The nation's extensive inland waterways were important historically in international trade. The [[Mekong]] and the [[Tonle Sap]] River, their numerous tributaries, and the Tonle Sap provided avenues of considerable length, including 3,700 kilometers (2,300&nbsp;mi) navigable all year by craft drawing 0.6 meters (2&nbsp;ft) and another 282 kilometers (175&nbsp;mi) navigable to craft drawing 1.8 meters (6&nbsp;ft).

<ref name="CNTRYDTA"/> Cambodia has two major ports, Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville, and five minor ones. Phnom Penh, located at the junction of the [[Bassac River|Bassac]], the Mekong, and the Tonle Sap rivers, is the only [[river port]] capable of receiving 8,000-[[ton]] ships during the wet season and 5,000-ton ships during the dry season.
With increasing economic activity has come an increase in automobile and motorcycle use, though bicycles still predominate.<ref>"Picking Up Speed: As Cambodia's Traffic Levels Increase, So Too Does the Road ''Death Toll''", ''The Cambodia Daily'', Saturday, March 9–10, 2002."</ref> [[Cycle rickshaw]]s are an additional option often used by visitors.

The country has four commercial airports. [[Phnom Penh International Airport|Phnom Penh International Airport (Pochentong)]] in Phnom Penh is the second largest in Cambodia. [[Angkor International Airport|Siem Reap-Angkor International Airport]] is the largest and serves the most international flights in and out of Cambodia. The other airports are in [[Kampong Saom|Sihanoukville]] and [[Battambang Province|Battambang]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Cambodia}}
{{Wikipedia-Books|Cambodia}}
* [[Outline of Cambodia]]
* [[Index of Cambodia-related articles]]
* [[Cambodian Center for Human Rights]]
* [[Sithi]] - Cambodia Human Rights Portal

{{Cambodia topics|state=uncollapsed}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links}}
;Government
* [http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cambodia/2008 Global Integrity Report: Cambodia] has reporting on anti-corruption (or lack thereof) in Cambodia
* [http://www.norodomsihanouk.info/ King of Cambodia, Norodom Sihanouk] Official website of former King Norodom Sihanouk{{Fr}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.frame.html |title=Cambodia.gov.kh |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061005044434/www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.view.html |archivedate=2006-10-05}} Official Royal Government of Cambodia Website (English Version)
* [http://www.mfaic.gov.kh/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation]
* [http://evisa.mfaic.gov.kh/ Cambodia e-Visa, Applying Travel Visa Online]
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/cambodia.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]

'''Civil Society'''
* [http://www.cchrcambodia.org/ Cambodian Center for Human Rights (CCHR)]
* [http://www.actioniec.org/ Action IEC Working For Cambodian Community Education Through Media and Culture]
* [http://www.boent.eu/killingfields_en.html In the Land of Impotence, A trip to the Kiling Fields]

; General information
* {{CIA World Factbook link|cb|Cambodia}}
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cambodia.htm Cambodia] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Cambodia}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Cambodia}}
* {{Wikitravel}}
* [http://www.marineconservationcambodia.org/ Information on marine conservation in Cambodia and Marine species lists]

; Films and Videos
* [http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=84716 Climate Change films from IRIN News]

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