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Cantor's intersection theorem

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Cantor's intersection theorem refers to two closely related theorems in general topology and real analysis, named after Georg Cantor, about intersections of decreasing nested sequences of non-empty compact sets.

Topological statement

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Theorem. Let be a topological space. A decreasing nested sequence of non-empty compact, closed subsets of has a non-empty intersection. In other words, supposing is a sequence of non-empty compact, closed subsets of S satisfying

it follows that

The closedness condition may be omitted in situations where every compact subset of is closed, for example when is Hausdorff.

Proof. Assume, by way of contradiction, that . For each , let . Since and , we have . Since the are closed relative to and therefore, also closed relative to , the , their set complements in , are open relative to .

Since is compact and is an open cover (on ) of , a finite cover can be extracted. Let . Then because , by the nesting hypothesis for the collection . Consequently, . But then , a contradiction.

Statement for real numbers

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The theorem in real analysis draws the same conclusion for closed and bounded subsets of the set of real numbers . It states that a decreasing nested sequence of non-empty, closed and bounded subsets of has a non-empty intersection.

This version follows from the general topological statement in light of the Heine–Borel theorem, which states that sets of real numbers are compact if and only if they are closed and bounded. However, it is typically used as a lemma in proving said theorem, and therefore warrants a separate proof.

As an example, if , the intersection over is . On the other hand, both the sequence of open bounded sets and the sequence of unbounded closed sets have empty intersection. All these sequences are properly nested.

This version of the theorem generalizes to , the set of -element vectors of real numbers, but does not generalize to arbitrary metric spaces. For example, in the space of rational numbers, the sets

are closed and bounded, but their intersection is empty.

Note that this contradicts neither the topological statement, as the sets are not compact, nor the variant below, as the rational numbers are not complete with respect to the usual metric.

A simple corollary of the theorem is that the Cantor set is nonempty, since it is defined as the intersection of a decreasing nested sequence of sets, each of which is defined as the union of a finite number of closed intervals; hence each of these sets is non-empty, closed, and bounded. In fact, the Cantor set contains uncountably many points.

Theorem. Let be a sequence of non-empty, closed, and bounded subsets of satisfying

Then,

Proof. Each nonempty, closed, and bounded subset admits a minimal element . Since for each , we have

,

it follows that

,

so is an increasing sequence contained in the bounded set . The monotone convergence theorem for bounded sequences of real numbers now guarantees the existence of a limit point

For fixed , for all , and since is closed and is a limit point, it follows that . Our choice of is arbitrary, hence belongs to and the proof is complete. ∎

Variant in complete metric spaces

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In a complete metric space, the following variant of Cantor's intersection theorem holds.

Theorem. Suppose that is a complete metric space, and is a sequence of non-empty closed nested subsets of whose diameters tend to zero:

where is defined by

Then the intersection of the contains exactly one point:

for some .

Proof (sketch). Since the diameters tend to zero, the diameter of the intersection of the is zero, so it is either empty or consists of a single point. So it is sufficient to show that it is not empty. Pick an element for each . Since the diameter of tends to zero and the are nested, the form a Cauchy sequence. Since the metric space is complete this Cauchy sequence converges to some point . Since each is closed, and is a limit of a sequence in , must lie in . This is true for every , and therefore the intersection of the must contain . ∎

A converse to this theorem is also true: if is a metric space with the property that the intersection of any nested family of non-empty closed subsets whose diameters tend to zero is non-empty, then is a complete metric space. (To prove this, let be a Cauchy sequence in , and let be the closure of the tail of this sequence.)

See also

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References

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  • Weisstein, Eric W. "Cantor's Intersection Theorem". MathWorld.
  • Jonathan Lewin. An interactive introduction to mathematical analysis. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-01718-1. Section 7.8.