Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics
Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics or CPMD usually refers to either the computational chemistry software package CPMD, a parallelized plane wave / pseudopotential implementation of density functional theory, particularly designed for ab initio molecular dynamics,[1] or the underlying theory known as the Car–Parrinello method,[2] which is related to the more common Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) method in that the quantum mechanical effect of the electrons is included in the calculation of energy and forces for the classical motion of the nuclei, but whereas BOMD treats the electronic structure problem within the time-independent Schrödinger equation, CPMD explicitly includes the electrons as active degrees of freedom, via (fictitious) dynamical variables.
General approach
In CPMD the core electrons are usually described by a pseudopotential and the wavefunction of the valence electrons are approximated by a plane wave basis set.
The ground state electronic density (for fixed nuclei) is calculated self-consistently, usually using the density functional theory method. Then, using that density, forces on the nuclei can be computed, to update the trajectories (using, e.g. the Verlet integration algorithm). In addition, however, the coefficients used to obtain the electronic orbital functions can be treated as a set of extra spatial dimensions, and trajectories for the orbitals can be calculated in this context.
Fictitious dynamics
CPMD is an approximation of the Born–Oppenheimer MD (BOMD) method. In BOMD the electrons' wavefunction must be minimized via matrix diagonalization at every step in the trajectory. CPMD uses fictitious dynamics[3] to keep the electrons close to the ground state, preventing the need for a costly self-consistent iterative minimization at each time step. The fictitious dynamics relies on the use of a fictitious electron mass (usually in the range of 400 – 800 a.u.) to ensure that there is very little energy transfer from nuclei to electrons, i.e. to ensure adiabaticity. Any increase in the fictitious electron mass resulting in energy transfer would cause the system to leave the ground-state BOMD surface.[4]
See also
- Car–Parrinello method
- CP2K
- Density functional theory
- Folding@home
- Fractional coordinates
- List of software for molecular mechanics modeling
- Quantum chemistry computer programs
References
- ^ "CPMD.org". IBM, MPI Stuttgart, and CPMD Consortium. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
- ^ Car, R.; Parrinello, M (1985). "Unified Approach for Molecular Dynamics and Density-Functional Theory". Physical Review Letters. 55 (22): 2471–2474. Bibcode:1985PhRvL..55.2471C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.2471. PMID 10032153.
- ^ "Microcanonical Ensemble Formulation of Lattice Gauge Theory". Phys. Rev. Lett. 49: 613. 30 August 1982. Bibcode:1982PhRvL..49..613C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.613.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ The CPMD Consortium. "Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics: An ab initio Electronic Structure and Molecular Dynamics Program" (PDF). Manual for CPMD version 3.15.1.
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