Jump to content

Chief governor of Ireland

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Bender the Bot (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 4 November 2016 (→‎Nomenclature: http→https for Google Books and Google News using AWB). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

The chief governor was the senior official in the Dublin Castle administration, which maintained English and British rule in Ireland from the 1170s to 1922. The chief governor was the personal representative of the English monarch (and later the British monarch) and presided over the Privy Council of Ireland. In some periods he was in effective charge of the administration, subject only to the monarch in England; in others he was a figurehead and power was wielded by others.

Nomenclature

"Chief governor" is an umbrella term introduced by eighteenth-century historians Walter Harris and John Lodge and subsequently used by historians and in some statutes.[1] Chief governors were appointed under various titles, the most common of which were:

  • (Chief) justiciar (13th-14th centuries)
  • (King's) lieutenant (14th–16th century)
  • Lord Deputy (15th–17th centuries)
  • Lord Lieutenant (1660–1922) in full Lord Lieutenant-General and General Governor[2] and colloquially called the Viceroy.[3]

Less common titles include procurator and gubernator, and the temporary title custos or keeper. The Lord Lieutenant .

Sometimes individuals with different titles served simultaneously, in which case the order of precedence was: lieutenant > justiciar > custos > deputy (lieutenant) > deputy justiciar. The title "Deputy", and later "Lord Deputy", was originally applied to the resident deputy of a non-resident king's lieutenant, when the latter title was an honour bestowed on a favoured English noble. Latterly, such resident deputies were called Lord Justices.

Statute Law Revision Acts passed in the 1890s trimmed formulas such as "the Lord Lieutenant or other Chief Governor or Governors of Ireland" from older acts of parliament, standardising to "the Lord Lieutenant".[4]

History

In Norman Ireland as in England, a chief justiciar combined executive and judicial functions. The judicial offices of Lord Chancellor of Ireland and Lord Chief Justice of Ireland later separated from that of the chief governor. In the fifteenth century, chief governors, especially the Earls of Kildare, began taking initiatives in the Parliament of Ireland contrary to the wishes of the English court. This prompted the passing of Poynings' Law in 1495 to make Irish laws subject to amendment and veto by the Privy Council of England. From 1569 to 1672, much of the land was under martial law and the Lord Deputy had regional deputies in the Lord President of Munster and Lord President of Connaught. From the Williamite Wars till the Constitution of 1782, the Lord Lieutenant was a British noble who came to Ireland only every two years, when Parliament was in session; his main role was to steer legislation through Parliament. Three ex-officio Lords Justices deputised in the Lord Lieutenant's absences.

After the Acts of Union 1800, the Parliament was abolished and political administration was done by the Chief Secretary for Ireland. The role of Lord Lieutenant (or Viceroy) was ceremonial and there were calls for it to be abolished. He resided in the Viceregal Lodge throughout his term, but no Irishman was appointed till Viscount FitzAlan in the office's final year. During the Irish War of Independence, Lord French attempted to maintain a more activist role, but was rebuffed. At the 1922 Partition of Ireland, the office was replaced in the two successor jurisdictions by the Governor-General of the Irish Free State (abolished in 1936) and Governor of Northern Ireland (abolished in 1973).

List

Main article: List of chief governors of Ireland

References

Sources

  • Connolly, S.J., ed. (2011-02-24). The Oxford Companion to Irish History (2nd ed.). OUP Oxford. pp. s.v. "justiciar", "king's lieutenant", "lord deputy", "lord lieutenant". ISBN 9780199691869. {{cite book}}: Invalid |nopp=Y (help); Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  • Duncan, Mark (11 February 2015). "Ireland's Lord Lieutenant: '...a fount of all that is slimy in our national life'" (PDF). Century Ireland (47). Dublin: Raidió Teilifís Éireann.
  • Edwards, R. W. Dudley; O'Dowd, Mary (2003-11-13). "Irish civil central administration". Sources for Modern Irish History 1534–1641. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521271417. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Gray, Peter; Purdue, Olwen (2012). The Irish Lord Lieutenancy: c.1541–1922. University College Dublin Press. ISBN 9781906359607.
  • Morgan, Hiram (Winter 1999). "Overmighty officers: the Irish lord deputyship in the early modern British state". History Ireland. 7 (4): 17–21. Retrieved 6 September 2016. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  • Otway-Ruthven, A. J. (1965). "The Chief Governors of Mediaeval Ireland". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 95 (1/2, Papers in Honour of Liam Price): 227–236. JSTOR 25509592.
  • Richardson, Henry Gerald; Sayles, George Osborne (1963). The administration of Ireland, 1172–1377. Dublin: Stationery Office for the Irish Manuscripts Commission. p. 8.
  • Wood, Herbert (1921–24). "The Office of Chief Governor of Ireland, 1172–1509". Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature. 36: 206–238. JSTOR 25504230.
  • Wood, Herbert (1935). "The Titles of the Chief Governors of Ireland". Historical Research. 13 (37): 1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1935.tb00065.x. ISSN 0950-3471.

Citations

  1. ^ Richardson & Sayles 1963, p.8
  2. ^ Board of Superintendence of Dublin Hospitals (1858). First annual report with appendices. Command papers. Vol. C.2353. Dublin: Alexander Thom for HMSO. p. 3. Retrieved 2 November 2016. To His Excellency George William Frederick, Earl of Carlisle, K.G. Lord Lieutenant–General, and General Governor of Ireland. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  3. ^ Angel, John (1781). A General History of Ireland, in Its Antient and Modern State. Vol. 1. Dublin. p. 26. Retrieved 2 November 2016. The king of England sends a viceroy thither to administer the public affairs of Ireland, (whom he represents) who goes by the name of lord lieutenant general and general governor of Ireland
  4. ^ "Statute Law Revision Act, 1890, Schedule 1". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 31 August 2016.; "Statute Law Revision (No. 2) Act, 1890, Schedule 1". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 31 August 2016.; "Statute Law Revision Act, 1892, Schedule 1". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 31 August 2016.; "Statute Law Revision Act, 1893, Schedule 1". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 31 August 2016.; "Statute Law Revision (No. 2) Act, 1893, Schedule 1". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 31 August 2016.; "Statute Law Revision Act, 1894, Schedule 1". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 31 August 2016.; "Statute Law Revision Act, 1898, Schedule 1". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_governor_of_Ireland&oldid=747841244"