View source for Cierva C.30

{{Short description|1933 autogyro family by Cierva}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{More footnotes|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox aircraft
  |name = C.30 <!--please avoid stating manufacturer in this field; it's stated two lines below -->
  |image = File:Cierva C.30 G-ACFI.jpg 
  |caption = Cierva C.30 climbing out on take off
  |type = Autogyro
  |manufacturer =
  |designer = Juan de la Cierva<!--only appropriate for single designers, not project leaders-->
  |first_flight = April 1933<!--if it hasn't happened, leave it out!-->
  |introduction =1934<!--date the aircraft entered military or revenue service-->
  |retired = <!--date the aircraft left military or revenue service. if vague or multiples, it probably should be skipped-->
  |status = <!--in most cases, this field is redundant; use it sparingly-->
  |primary_user = <!--please list only one, and don't use those tiny flags as they limit horizontal space-->
  |more_users = <!--up to three more. please separate with <br/>.-->
  |produced = <!--years in production, e.g. 1970-1999, if still in active use but no longer built-->
  |number_built = 148
  |unit cost =
  |developed_from = <!-- the aircraft which formed the basis for the topic type -->
  |variants = [[Cierva C.40]]<!-- variants OF the topic type -->
}}

The '''Cierva C.30''' is an [[autogyro]] designed by [[Juan de la Cierva]] and built under licence from the [[Cierva Autogiro Company]] by [[Avro|A V Roe & Co Ltd]] (Avro), [[Lioré-et-Olivier]] and [[Focke-Wulf]].

==Design and development==
Before the experimental [[Cierva C.19]] Mk V, autogyros had been controlled in the same way as fixed-wing aircraft, that is by deflecting the air flowing over moving surfaces such as ailerons, elevators and rudder. At the very low speeds encountered in autogyro flight, particularly during landing, these controls became ineffective. The experimental machine showed that the way forward was a tilting rotor hub fitted with a hanging stick extending to the pilot's cockpit with which he could change the rotor plane. This was known as direct control and was fitted to the '''C.30'''.<ref name="AJJCiv">{{Harvnb|Jackson|1973|p=?.}}</ref> The production variant, called C.30A in England, was preceded by several development machines.

The first production design in the series was the C.30, a radial-engined autogyro with a three-blade, 37&nbsp;ft (11.3 m) rotor mounted on an aft-leaning tripod, the control column extending into the rear of the two cockpits. The engine was the five-cylinder, 105&nbsp;hp (78&nbsp;kW) [[Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major|Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major I]] used in the C.19 series. The fabric-covered fuselage carried an unbraced tailplane, without elevators but with turned-up tips. The port side of the tailplane had an inverted aerofoil section to counter roll-axis torque produced by the propeller. As with most autogyros, a high vertical tail was precluded by the sagging resting rotor, so the dorsal fin was long and low, extending well aft of the tailplane like a fixed rudder and augmented by a ventral fin. The wide-track undercarriage had a pair of single, wire-braced legs and a small tail wheel was fitted. This model flew in April 1933. It was followed by four improved machines designated C.30P (P here for pre-production) which differed in having a four-legged pyramid rotor mounting and a reinforced undercarriage with three struts per side. The rotor could be folded rearwards for transport. The C.30P used the more powerful (140&nbsp;hp, 104&nbsp;kW) seven-cylinder [[Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major|Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major IA]] radial engine.
[[File:Cierva C.30a G-ACUU Rearsby 02.06.51 edited-5.jpg|thumb|right|Avro 671 (Cierva C.30A) taxiing for take-off at [[Auster Aircraft|Auster]]'s [[Rearsby#Rearsby Aerodrome|Rearsby Aerodrome]] in June 1951]]
The production model, called the C.30A by [[Avro]], was built under licence in Britain, France and Germany and was similar to the C.30P. The main alteration was a further increase in undercarriage track with revised strutting, the uppermost leg having a pronounced knee with wire bracing. There was additional bracing to the [[tailplane]] and both it and the fin carried small movable trimming surfaces. Each licensee used nationally built engines and used slightly different names. In all, 143 production C.30s were built, making it by far the most numerous pre-war autogyro.

Between 1933 and 1936, de la Cierva used one C.30A (''G-ACWF'') to test his last contribution to autogyro development before his death in the crash of a [[KLM]] [[Douglas DC-2]] airliner at [[Croydon Airport|Croydon Airfield]] in England on 9 December 1936. To enable the aircraft to take off without forward ground travel, he produced the "autodynamic" rotor head, which allowed the rotor to be spun up by the engine in the usual way but to higher than take-off r.p.m at zero rotor incidence and then to reach operational positive pitch suddenly enough to jump some 20&nbsp;ft (6 m) upwards.

At least one [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) C.30A was on [[Float (nautical)|floats]] as a '''Sea Rota''' in January 1935.<ref>{{Harvnb|Thetford|1957|p=?.}}</ref>

===Production===
;Avro
Avro obtained the licence in 1934 and subsequently built 78 examples, under their model designation, fitted with an [[Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major|Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major IA]] (known in the RAF as the Civet 1) 7-cylinder radial engine producing {{convert|140|hp|abbr=on}}. The first production C.30A was delivered in July 1934.

;Lioré-et-Olivier
Twenty-five aircraft were built in France by [[Lioré-et-Olivier]] as the LeO C.301 with a 175&nbsp;hp (130&nbsp;kW) [[Salmson 9 (air cooled engine)|Salmson 9NE]] 9-cylinder radial engine.

;Focke-Wulf
Forty aircraft were built in Germany as the Focke-Wulf Fw 30 Heuschrecke (Grasshopper) with a 140&nbsp;hp (105&nbsp;kW) [[Siemens-Halske Sh 14|Siemens Sh 14A]] 7-cylinder radial engine.<ref>{{Harvnb|Orbis|1982–1985|p=?.}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1973|p=94.}}</ref>

==Operational history==
[[File:Avro Rota I 'HM580 - KX-K' (G-ACUU) (14714156820).jpg|thumb|Avro 671 Rota Mk 1 at Imperial War Museum, Duxford]]

Of the 66 non-RAF aircraft built in the UK by Avro, 37 appeared at least for a while on the UK register.<ref name="AJJCiv"/> Some (maybe a dozen) were sold abroad, but others were flown by wealthy enthusiasts and by flying clubs who offered autogyro training. By the end of the decade, private flyers were moving back to the comforts and economies of fixed-wing aircraft and more C.30s moved abroad leaving the Autogyro Flying Club at [[London Air Park|London Air Park, Hanworth]] as the major UK user. 26 aircraft were directly exported by Avro. These went both to private owners and to foreign air forces who wish to investigate the autogyro's potential.

In 1934, one Spanish Navy C.30 piloted by Cierva landed on the Spanish [[Seaplane tender]] [[Spanish seaplane carrier Dédalo|''Dedalo'']] anchored in [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]] harbor and later made a takeoff.<ref>[http://www.vidamaritima.com/2008/06/la-cierva-y-la-estacin-transportable-de.html La Cierva and the Transportable Station of Naval Aeronautic (in Spanish)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615182342/http://www.vidamaritima.com/2008/06/la-cierva-y-la-estacin-transportable-de.html |date=2008-06-15 }}</ref>
[[File:AutogiroöStart von Dédalo.jpg|thumb|[[Juan de la Cierva]]´s Cierva C.30 autogyro taking off from ''[[Spanish seaplane carrier Dédalo|Dédalo]]'' in 1934]]
In September 1935, five members of the Lithuanian Aero Club flew C.30A in the "air train" together with the glider [[Schneider Grunau Baby]] and the airplane [[de Havilland DH.60 Moth]] over the [[Baltic Sea]] states: [[Kaunas]], [[Riga]], [[Tallinn]], [[Helsinki]].<ref>[http://www.plienosparnai.lt/page.php?560 Lithuanian Aviation History 1919-1940. Air train (in Lithuanian) ]</ref>

Twelve C.30As built by Avro for the Royal Air Force (RAF) entered service as the '''Avro 671 Rota Mk 1''' ([[Serial number|Serials]] ''K4230'' to ''K4239'' and ''K4296'' & ''K4775''). The twelve were delivered between 1934 and 1935. They equipped the [[School of Army Co-operation]] at [[RAF Old Sarum]] near Salisbury.

Many of the surviving civil aircraft were also taken into RAF service between 1939 and 1940. In 1940 they equipped [[No. 1448 Flight RAF|1448 Flt.]] at [[RAF Duxford]]. Later they equipped [[No. 529 Squadron RAF|529 Sqn.]] at [[RAF Halton]] on [[Chain Home|radar]] calibration work, disbanded in October 1945, the twelve survivors were sold on to civilian owners.

Most of these did not last long, although two were used for pilot rotary wing experience by [[Fairey Aviation Company|Fairey]] in their [[Fairey FB-1 Gyrodyne|Fairey Gyrodyne]] helicopter programme. [[Rota Towels]] kept one ex-RAF Rota airworthy ''G-AHTZ'' until an accident in 1958. ''G-ACUU'', the Imperial War Museum's C.30A exhibit at [[Imperial War Museum Duxford|Duxford]] had one of the longest active lives. It joined [[Air Service Training Ltd]] in 1934, was impressed (as Rota ''HM580'') in 1942, serving with 529 Squadron and returning to civil use by G.S. Baker based at Birmingham's [[Birmingham_Airport|Elmdon Airport]] airport with its original registration plus the nickname ''Billy Boy'' and was not withdrawn from use until 1960.

After several years of work at the Maestranza Aérea de Albacete, on 15 January 1998, a C.30 was flown again. It was piloted by Lieutenant Colonel Fernando Iglesia. After an accident in June 2000, which almost left the pilot without an arm, the aircraft was handed over to the [[Museum of Aeronautics and Astronautics (Madrid)|Museum of Aeronautics and Astronautics]], located at the [[Madrid-Cuatro Vientos Airport|Cuatro Vientos air base]] (Madrid).<ref>[https://fio.es/2016/03/07/recordando-a-manix/ The Spanish Air Force promotes the construction of a replica of the La Cierva C30 autogyro (in Spanish)]</ref><ref>[https://www.aviationcorner.net/gallery_en.asp?aircraft_type=La%20Cierva%20C-30&aircraft_type_id=1106 La Cierva C.30 autogyro flies again (in Spanish)]</ref>

==Variants==
;C.30: Powered by a {{convert|105|hp|kW|abbr=on|0}} [[Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major I]] radial piston engine.
;C.30P: Improved model, powered by a {{convert|140|hp|kW|abbr=on|0}} [[Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major IA]] radial piston engines
;C.30A: Main production model, powered by a {{convert|140|hp|kW|abbr=on|0}} Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major IA radial piston engine.
;Rota Mk I: RAF designation of the Cierva C.30A.
;Lioré et Olivier LeO C-30: 59 license built Cierva C.30, powered by  {{convert|175|hp|kW|abbr=on|0}} [[Salmson 9Ne]] engines, were supplied to the [[French Air Force]] and [[French Navy]]. All LeO C-30 autogyros were destroyed or captured by German forces during the invasion of France in 1940.<ref name=Moulin>{{cite book|last=MOULIN|first=Jacques|title=Les autogires LeO C.30 & C.301|year=2003|publisher=Editions Leila Presse|location=France|isbn=9782914017152}}</ref>
;Lioré et Olivier LeO C-30S: Construction number 26 was completed as the sole C-30S.<ref name=Moulin/>
;Lioré-et-Olivier LeO C-301: Improved C-30s with uprated [[Messier-Bugatti-Dowty|Messier]] oleo-pneumatic shock absorbers, flotation devices to facilitate ditching at sea and tripod main rotor support. Six aircraft were delivered to the French Navy by early June 1940.<ref name=Moulin/>
;Lioré et Olivier LeO C-302:Early autogyros suffered from relatively long take-off runs. To reduce the take-off length two C-301 aircraft were fitted with the equivalent of Cierva's "Jump" head allowing the aircraft to leap vertically after only a very short run. The C-302s were used extensively for testing rotor and undercarriage components but development was eventually abandoned in 1949/1950.<ref name=Moulin/>
;Focke-Wulf C 30 Heuschrecke: (''Heuschrecke'' (Grasshopper)): 40 aircraft built, each with a {{convert|140|hp|kW|abbr=on|0}} [[Siemens Sh 14A]] 7-cylinder radial engine.

==Aircraft on display==
[[File:Cierva C-30 Autogyro on display at Fantasy of Flight.JPG|thumb|right|A C.30 on display at [[Fantasy of Flight]] in Polk City, Florida]]

;Argentina
*Cierva C.30A ''LV-FBL'' is on display at the [[Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina]].

;Australia
*Cierva C.30A ''VH-USR'' is on display at the [[Powerhouse Museum]], Sydney.

;France
*Leo C-302 ''F-BDAD'' is on display at the [[Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace]], Paris.

;Italy
*Cierva C.30 ''I-CIER'' is on display at the [[Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia "Leonardo da Vinci"]], Milan.

;Netherlands
*Cierva C.30A ''SE-AFI'' is on display at the [[Aviodrome]].

;Spain
*Cierva C.30A ''XVU.1-1'' flyable reproduction with a Siemens engine is on display at [[Museo del Aire (Madrid)|Museo del Aire]], Madrid.

;United Kingdom
*Avro Rota I ''K4232'' on display at the [[Royal Air Force Museum]], London, England.
*Cierva C.30A ''AP506'' (smashed wreck) on display at the [[The Helicopter Museum (Weston)|Helicopter Museum]], [[Weston-super-Mare]], England.
*Cierva C.30A ''AP507'' on display at the [[Science Museum (London)|Science Museum]] in London, England.
*Avro Rota I ''HM580'' the former ''G-ACUU'' is on display at the [[Imperial War Museum Duxford]], England.

;United States
*Cierva C.30A ''K4235'' on display at [[Fantasy of Flight]], Polk City, Florida.

==Military operators==

;{{DEN}}
*[[Royal Danish Air Force]]<ref>[http://flymuseum.dk/fly/270-cierva-c30-im Danish Air Museum]</ref>
;{{FR}}
*[[French Air Force]]
*[[French Naval Aviation]]
;{{UK}}
*[[Royal Air Force]]
**[[No. 80 Squadron RAF]]
**[[No. 529 Squadron RAF]]

== Civil operators ==
;{{LTU}}
* [[Aeroclub of Lithuania|'''Aero Club of Lithuania''']] - single Avro-built C.30A, acquired in 1934<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cierva Avro C-30A |url=https://www.plienosparnai.lt/page.php?851 |access-date=2023-04-24 |language=Lithuanian}}</ref>

==Specifications (C.30A)==
[[File:Avro_C.30A_3-view_NACA-AC-196.png|thumb|Avro C.30A 3-view drawing from NACA-AC-196]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=
|prime units?=kts
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|crew=1
|capacity=1 passenger
|length m=6
|height m=3.38
|empty weight lb=1,220
|gross weight lb=1,600
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major IA]]
|eng1 type=7-cyl. air-cooled radial piston engine
|eng1 hp=140<!-- prop engines -->

|rot number=1<!-- helicopters -->
|rot dia m=11.28<!-- helicopters -->
|rot area sqm=100<!-- helicopters -->
<!--
        Performance
-->
|max speed mph=110
|cruise speed mph=95
|range miles=285
|climb rate ftmin=700
}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* Barratt, M. "Talkback". ''[[Air Enthusiast]]'' No. 107, September/October 2003. p.&nbsp;75. {{ISSN|0143-5450}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Cortet|first1=Pierre|title=Rétros du Mois|journal=Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire |date=June 2001 |issue=99 |page=6 |trans-title=Retros of the Month|language=fr |issn=1243-8650}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Elliott|first1=Bryn|title=On the Beat: The First 60 Years of Britain's Air Police |journal=Air Enthusiast |date=January–February 1999 |issue=79 |pages=68–75 |issn=0143-5450}}
* {{cite book |last=Jackson|first= A.J.|title=British Civil Aircraft 1919-72: Volume II|location= London|publisher= Putnam and Company|year= 1973|isbn=0-85177-813-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Munson|first= Kenneth|title=Helicopters and other Rotorcraft since 1907 (Blandford Colour Series) |location= London|publisher= [[Royal Aeronautical Society|Associate R.Ae.S.]]|year= 1973|isbn=0-7137-0610-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Pacco|first= John |chapter=Cierva C-30A |title=Belgisch Leger/Armee Belge: Het militair Vliegwezen/l'Aeronautique militaire 1930-1940 |location= Artselaar, Belgium|year= 2003 |page= 92 |isbn=90-801136-6-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith|first= J. Richard |chapter=C 30 Heuschrecke |title=Focke-Wulf, an Aircraft Album|location= London|publisher= Ian Allan|year=1973 |isbn=0-7110-0425-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Thetford |first= Owen |title=Aircraft of the Royal Air Force 1919-57 |location= London |publisher= Putnam and Company |year=1957}}
* {{Cite book |title= The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985)|publisher= Orbis Publishing |ref={{harvid|Orbis|1982–1985}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Moulin|first=Jacques|title=Les autogires LeO C.30 & C.301|year=2003|publisher=Editions Leila Presse|location=France|isbn=9782914017152}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Cierva C.30}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrZ6IzCWXzA Spanish reproduction maiden flight]
* [http://www.ipmsstockholm.org/magazine/2004/12/stuff_eng_detail_avro_rota.html#links IPMS Stockholm pages for the Cierva C.30 including detail photographs]

{{Avro aircraft}}
{{Cierva aircraft}}
{{Focke-Wulf aircraft}}
{{RLM aircraft designations}}

[[Category:Cierva aircraft|C30]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor autogyros]]
[[Category:1930s British military utility aircraft]]
[[Category:1930s British civil utility aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1933]]