Civil inattention
Civil inattention is the process whereby strangers who are in close proximity demonstrate that they are aware of one another, without imposing on each other – a recognition of the claims of others to a public space, and of their own personal boundaries.[1]
In practice
Civil inattention is the term introduced by Erving Goffman to describe the care taken to maintain public order among strangers and thus to make anonymised life in cities possible.[2] Rather than either ignoring or staring at others, civil inattention involves the unobtrusive and peaceful scanning of others so as to allow for neutral interaction.[3] Through brief eye contact with an approaching stranger, we both acknowledge their presence and foreclose the possibility of more personal contact or of conversation.[4]
Civil inattention is thus a means of making privacy possible within a crowd through culturally accepted forms of self-distancing.[5] Seemingly (though not in reality) effortless,[6] such civility is a way of shielding others from personal claims in public[7] – an essential feature of the abstract, impersonal relationships demanded by the open society.[8]
Negative aspects
Civil inattention can lead to feelings of loneliness or invisibility, and it reduces the tendency to feel responsibility for the well-being of others. Newcomers to urban areas are often struck by the impersonality of such routines, which they may see as callous and uncaring, rather than as necessary for the peaceful co-existence of close-packed millions.[9]
Goffman noted that "when men and women cross each other's path at close quarters, the male will exercise the right to look for a second or two at the female ... Civil inattention, then, can here involve a degree of role differentiation regarding obligations".[10] Such a public double standard has been challenged by feminists, who resent the expectation that female appearance/behavior may be routinely commented on.[11] Such behavior may then escalate into staring, stalking and insulting harassment, revealing the costs a breach of civil inattention may bring.[12]
Insanity of place
Goffman saw many classic indications of madness as violations of the norm of civil inattention speaking to strangers, or shying away from every passing glance.[13] [clarification needed]
See also
References
- ^ Joanne Finkelstein, The Art of Self-Invention (2007) p. 109
- ^ Erving Goffman, Relations in Public (Penguin 1972) p. 385
- ^ Elaine Baldwin, Introducing Cultural Studies (2004) p. 396 and 276
- ^ W.M. Mellinger, "Doing Modernity Through Civil Inattention"
- ^ Joanne Finkelstein, The Art of Self-Invention (2007) p. 109
- ^ Erving Goffman, Relations in Public (Penguin 1972) p. 385
- ^ Richard Sennett, The Fall of Public Man (1976) p. 264
- ^ Karl Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies Vol 1 (1995) p. 174-6
- ^ Franco Moretti, Modern Epic (1996) p. 156
- ^ Erving Goffman, Relations in Public (Penguin 1972) p. 249
- ^ Deborah Cameron, Feminism and Linguistic Theory (1992) p. 167
- ^ Elaine Baldwin, Introducing Cultural Studies (2004) p. 396
- ^ Erving Goffman, Relations in Public (Penguin 1972) p. 415
Further reading
- Giddens, Anthony (1994). Sociology (2nd ed.). Polity Press.
- Bauman, Zygmunt; May, Tim (2001). Thinking Sociologically (2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishing.
- Goffman, Erving (1984) [originally published in 1959]. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
- Kim, Esther (16 July 2012) [First published online on 16 July 2012]. "Nonsocial Transient Behavior: Social Disengagement on the Greyhound Bus". Symbolic Interaction.