Possible Nahuatl etymologies of Guadalupe
Coatlaxopeuh is a word proposed by father Mariano Jacobo Rojas of Tepoztlán as a possible Nahuatl origin of the word Guadalupe, the appellation of the Virgin of Guadalupe.[1] The suggestion of a Nahuatl etymology for the Virgin's name was part of the Mexican indigenista debates of the mid 20th century, in which prominent intellectuals reinterpreted Mexican history with a renewed emphasis on the nation's indigenous heritage. In addition to coatlaxopeuh many other proposed Nahuatl etymologies of Guadalupe have been suggested, but in the devotional literature coatlaxopeuh remains the most accepted.[2]
Luís Becerra y Tanco
The earliest suggestion that the word "Guadalupe" had originated as a misconstrual of an original Nahuatl word was by the priest Luís Becerra y Tanco in 1666.[3] He proposed that since Juan Diego to whom the virgin had appeared did not speak Spanish, and since the Nahuatl language did not have the voiced consonants "g" or "d", it was likely that the name had originally been a Nahuatl word which was later misheard by Spaniards as Guadalupe. He proposed that the original name could have been "tequantlanopeuh" which he translated as "She who originated from the summit of the rocks".[4]
Indigenismo
Father Mario Rojas Sánchez who translated the Nican Mopohua suggested the Nahuatl name "Tlecuauhtlapeupeuh," which he translates as "She who emerges from the region of light like the Eagle from fire".[5]
Scholar Jeanette Rodriguez, citing Xavier Escalada,[6] notes "the Nahuatl language does not contain the letters d and g; therefore Our Lady's name could not have been "Guadalupe".[7] She also presents the theory that Juan Diego and his uncle called the lady "Tlecuauhtlacupeuh", saying "The Nahuatl understanding of 'Tlecuauhtlacupeuh' is La que viene volando de la luz como el águila de fuego (she who comes flying from the region of light like an eagle of fire). The region of light was the dwelling place of the Aztec gods, and the eagle was a sign from the gods. To the Spaniards, it sounded like 'Guadalupe' and reminded them of their Virgin at home."[7]
Rodriguez holds that the Spanish thought of "Guadalupe of Estremadura, Spain. [As] A large number of conquistadors were from the province of Estremadura and quite naturally were devoted to the local patroness. ...the devotion to Our Lady of Guadalupe in Estremadura was reaching its peak at the time of the first contacts between Spain and the New World".[7]
Rodriguez states that the name "To the Spaniards...reminded them of their Virgin at home. To the natives, it...referred to a sign that had come from their gods."[7] This allowed each side to see in the story something it "understood and valued, which would inevitably bring them together as a unifying force."[7]
Gloria Anzaldúa
Gloria Anzaldúa, in her book Borderlands / La Frontera, proposes the indigenous origin of Guadalupe as Coatlalopeuh, which she translates as "She Who Has Dominion over Serpents." She argues that because Coatlalopeuh sounds like Guadalupe, the Spanish saw Coatlalopeuh as parallel or identical to "the dark Virgin, Guadalupe, patroness of West Central Spain" (Page 27). Anzaldúa gives Coatlaxopeuh as a variant name. She sees both versions as being linked historically to Coatlicue, whose name means "Serpent Skirt."
Notes
- ^ Leatham 1989
- ^ Leatham 1989:30
- ^ Becerra y Tanco 1979:9
- ^ Leatham 1989:30
- ^ Rojas Sánchez 1978
- ^ Escalada, Xavier (1965). Los catolicos hsipanos en los Estados Unidos. New York: Centra Catolico de Patoral para Hispanos del Nordest.
- ^ a b c d e Jeanette Rodriguez (1994). Our Lady of Guadalupe: Faith and Empowerment among Mexican-American Women. University of Texas Press.
Bibliography
- Anzaldúa, Gloria E. (2000). "Coatlalopeuh, la que domina a los serpientes." La diosa de las Américas. 12 p. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-375-70369-1.
- Anzaldúa, Gloria E. (2007). Borderlands / La Frontera: The New Mestiza. 3rd ed. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books.
- Barnes, Rhonda L. (1997). Demanding Social Equality: A Feminist Re-Interpretation of the Virgin of Guadalupelink title.
- Becerra Tanco, Luis. 1979 [1675]. Felicidad de México. 3a ed. facsimilar. México: Editorial Jus.
- Behrens (von Habsburg), Helen. 1952. The Treasure of México. México.
- Behrens (von Habsburg), Helen. 1966. The Virgin and the Serpent God. México: Editorial Progres
- Dávila Garibi, Ignacio. 1936. Breve estudio histórico-etimológico acerca del vocablo "Guadalupe." 4a ed. Mexico: Imp. Emilio Pardo e Hijos.
- Keen, Benjamin. 1971. The Aztec Image in Western Thought. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
- Leatham, Miguel. 1989.Indigenista Hermeneutics and the Historical Meaning of Our Lady of Guadalupe of Mexico. Folklore Forum 22:1/2 (1989)
- León-Portilla, Miguel. 1978. Aztec Thought and Culture: A Study of the Ancient Náhuatl Mind. 5th printing. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press
- Phelan, John. 1960. Neo-Aztecism in the Eighteenth Century and the Genesis of Mexican Nationalism. In Culture and History: Essays in Honor of Paul Radin, ed. S. Diamond, pp. 761–770. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Rodríguez, Mauro. 1980. Guadalupe: iHistoria o símbolo? Metico: Editorial Edicol.
- Rojas Sánchez, Mario, trans. 1978. Nican Mopohua. Puebla: Diócesis de Huejutla.
- Rojas Sánchez, Mario and J. Hernández Illescas. 1983. Las Estrellas del manto de la Virgen de Guadalupe. Mexico: Francisco Méndez Oteo.
- Wolf, Eric. 1958. The Virgin of Guadalupe: A Mexican National Symbol. Journal of American Folklore 71:34-39
- Lafaye, Jacques. 1977. Quetzalcóatl y Guadalupe: La Formación de la conciencia nacional en México. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica