Compression stockings
Compression stockings are a specialized hosiery designed to help prevent the occurrence of, and guard against further progression of, venous disorders[1] such as edema, phlebitis and thrombosis. Compression stockings are elastic garments worn around the leg, compressing the limb. This reduces the diameter of distended veins and increases venous blood flow velocity and valve effectiveness. Compression therapy helps decrease venous pressure, prevents venous stasis and impairments of venous walls, and relieves heavy and aching legs.
Knee-high compression stockings are used not only to help increase circulation, but also to help prevent the formation of blood clots in the lower legs. They also aid in the treatment of ulcers of the lower legs.
Unlike traditional dress or athletic stockings and socks, compression stockings use stronger elastics to create significant pressure on the legs, ankles and feet. Compression stockings are tightest at the ankles and gradually become less constrictive toward the knees and thighs. By compressing the surface veins, arteries and muscles, they force circulating blood through narrower channels. As a result, the arterial pressure is increased, which causes more blood to return to the heart and less blood to pool in the feet.
There are two types of compression stockings, gradient and anti-embolism.[2]
Fit is critical to the therapeutic effect of compression stockings. A study listed in the American Journal of Nursing in August 2008 showed that compression stockings were incorrectly sized in just under 30% of the cases studied. It found that additional education was needed not only for patients, but also for medical staff.[3]
Medical uses
Treatment is usually prescribed by a physician to relieve all manifestations of chronic venous disease and prevent venous troubles. Compression stockings are recommended under the following conditions:
Tired, aching legs
Tired, aching legs occur when the blood flow slows down in the legs (can be an indicator of deep vein thrombosis).
Edema
Edema is when the opposing forces that occur in the small blood vessels and capillaries cause a net ultrafiltration of plasma water into the soft tissues
Chronic venous insufficiency
Chronic peripheral venous insufficiency is when the veins cannot pump deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Varicose veins
Varicose veins are saccular and distended veins which can expand considerably and may cause painful venous inflammation. Once developed, will not disappear on its own. The formation of varicose veins is an externally visible sign of venous weakness.
Spider veins (mild varicosities)
Spider veins are the smallest cutaneous blood vessels which shimmer bluish or reddish through the skin.
Deep vein thrombosis
Deep vein thrombosis occurs when blood flow decreases (especially in the lower extremities), causing blood to pool in the legs and leading to blood clot (thrombus) formation.
Lymphedema
Lymphedema is when a body part swells due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid, occurring when there is interference with the normal drainage of lymph fluid back into the blood, commonly swelling the arm, leg, neck or abdomen.
Phlebitis
Phlebitis is when inflammation and clotting occurs in a vein, most often a leg vein, due to infection, inflammation, or trauma. People with varicose veins are more often affected. Inflammation occurs suddenly, causing the thrombus to adhere firmly to the vein wall, which can clog a superficial vein.
Economy class syndrome (ECS)
Occurs on long flight, due to traveler's inactivity, gravity, and cramped seating, which slows down the blood flow through veins.[1]
Lipodermatosclerosis
Lipodermatosclerosis is the inflammation of subcutaneous fat, form of panniculitis.
Pregnancy
Hormones released during pregnancy and the expanding uterus (pressure on the inferior vena cava - the major vein returning blood up to the heart) can affect leg veins.[4]
The use of elastic compression stockings can reduce volumetric variations during standing hours. The use of stockings for the entire day is more effective than just half the day or not using compression stockings at all. [5] Many physicians and vein specialists recommend wearing compression stockings after varicose vein stripping, but studies show that wearing an elastic compression has no additional benefit following elastic bandaging for three days in post-operative care after stripping of the great saphenous vein as assessed by control of limb, edema, pain, complications and return to work.[6]
Prophylaxis
The stockings can be used prophylactically to prevent deep vein thrombosis.
Economy class stroke syndrome
There is a possible link between a common physical defect in the heart and potentially deadly stroke that could occur during long aeroplane flights.[7] The connection, called "economy class stroke syndrome," has been reported in healthy, young travelers who suffered ischemic strokes during or shortly after long air trips. Prolonged sitting associated with air travel is known to be a cause of clots in the legs. Upward of 30 percent of the population is estimated to have patent foramen ovale (PFO), a common condition where a small hole exists between the right and left sides of the heart. PFO rarely causes any adverse medical condition and can only be determined through specific diagnostic tests such as an echocardiogram.
Procedure
In the clinical setting the applying of the antiembolism stockings is performed by physicians, nurses and other trained personnel. First the proper size stocking is determined by measuring the legs. Aseptic technique is not necessary unless the skin is open. The person is placed in the supine position in bed for fifteen minutes prior to measuring for fit. This allows for venous return and stability before measuring.[8]
Stockings are best applied upon waking before the person has gotten out of bed, has been sitting or standing and before venous stasis or edema has had a chance to develop.[8]
Gradient compression stockings
 | The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (October 2015) |
These stockings are designed to remedy impaired "musculovenous pump" performance caused by incompetent leg vein valves. They are woven in such a way that the compression level is highest around the ankle and lessens towards the top of the hose.
Doctors will typically recommend these stockings for those who are prone to blood clots, lower limb edema, and blood pooling in the legs and feet from prolonged periods of sitting or inactivity. They are also frequently used to address complications caused by diabetes, lymphedema, thrombosis, cellulitis, and other conditions.[9]
They are worn by those who are ambulatory in most cases, where they assist the calf muscles to perform their pumping action more efficiently to return blood to the heart. In some cases, they are worn by those at increased risk of circulatory problems, such as diabetics, whose legs are prone to excessive swelling. A common indicator for the prescription of such stockings is chronic peripheral venous insufficiency, caused by incompetent perforator veins. Low pressure compression stockings are available without prescription in most countries, and may be purchased at a pharmacy or medical supply store. Stockings with a higher pressure gradient, say, above 25-30mmHg, may require a prescription from a doctor.[citation needed]
There are several crucial cautionary steps that need to be taken before using compression stocking:
- A patient's ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) must be >1.0 per leg to wear compression stockings, otherwise the stockings may obstruct the patient's arterial flow. The ABI indicates how unobstructed a patient's leg and arm arteries are. Any competent doctor or nurse can measure and calculate a patient's ABI.
- It is crucial that compression stockings are properly sized. The compression should gradually reduce from the highest compression at the smallest part of the ankle, until a 70% reduction of pressure just below the knee.
Vascular doctors and nurses may use special pads to ensure uniform higher pressure around the circumference of the ankle (to smooth out the irregular cross-sectional profile.) Self-prescription is reasonably safe assuming that the compression gradient is 15-20 mmHg, the ABI (for both legs) is >1.0 and that the stockings fit correctly. "Firm" gradient stockings (20-30 mmHg and 30-40 mmHg) should generally be worn only on medical advice.
Although current research reports mixed results of compression socks on athletic performance,[10][11] there is anecdotal evidence from athletes that they can benefit from such stockings.
Anti-embolism compression stockings
These stockings are commonly referred to as TED hose, short for thromboembolism-deterrent hose. They are used to support the venous and lymphatic drainage of the leg.[12]
Like gradient compression stockings, anti-embolism stockings deliver a distributed amount of compression at the ankle and up the leg. This compression, when combined with the muscle pump effect of the calf, aids in circulating blood and lymph fluid through the legs (in non-ambulatory patients).
Compression wear has also been adopted by the sports science industry. Various garments have been developed to improve the efficiency of muscles by stabilising muscles and improving circulation/ lactic acid removal. Today, compression stockings are available in a wide range of opacities, colors, styles and sizes, making them virtually indistinguishable from regular hosiery or socks.
Contraindications
Caution should be used in those with advanced peripheral obstructive arterial disease, heart failure, septic phlebitis, oozing dermatitis and advanced peripheral neuropathy in regard to wearing compression stockings.[13]
Compression classes
Compression stockings are constructed using elastic fibers or rubber. These fibers help compress the limb, aiding in circulation.
Compression stockings are offered in different levels of compression. The unit of measure used to classify the pressure of the stockings is mmHg. They are often sold in a variety of pressure ranges. Over-the-counter support is available in 10-15 or 15-20 mmHg.
Higher pressure stockings require a prescription and a trained fitter. These higher pressures range from 20-30 mmHg to 50+ mmHg.
Other pressure levels used by manufacturers for custom-made, flat-knitted products in the US and Europe range from 18-21 mmHg to >50mmHg.
Styles
- Knee-high (AD)
- Thigh-high (AG)
- Pantyhose (AT)
- Maternity pantyhose
- Waist attachment/CHAPS
Commonly used terms for compression stockings
- Anti-embolism — Worn by non-ambulatory or post-surgical patients to help prevent pooling of blood in the legs that could lead to a venous thrombosis.
- Custom — Made for a specific individual.
- Circular knit — Seamless stockings that offer greater aesthetic appeal.
- Flat knit — Stockings made with a seam that can be constructed in virtually any shape or size. Most often used in higher compression classes.
- Silver — Stockings constructed using special silver textile fibers. Silver offers natural anti-microbial protection.
- Lymphedema — Stockings used to manage edema resulting from the onset of lymphedema.
- Support — Mild compression stockings sold over-the-counter and without a physician's prescription.
See also
- Diabetic socks, which prevents compression
- Compression sportswear
References
- ^ a b FLA Orthopedics (2004). Graduated Compression Hosiery and Socks. Miramar, FL. pp. 19–20.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ DoctorQA. "Compression Socks". Retrieved 23 March 2012.
- ^ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080820163107.htm
- ^ PRLog. "SIGVARIS Offers Compression Therapy Education for Pregnant Women with Swollen Ankles & Leg Pain". Retrieved 23 March 2012.
- ^ Belczak, C.E.Q.; de Godoy, J.M.P.; Ramos, R.N.; de Oliveira, M.A.; Belczak, S.Q.; Caffaro, R.A. (1 January 2010). "Is the wearing of elastic stockings for half a day as effective as wearing them for the entire day?". British Journal of Dermatology. 162 (1): 42–45. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09396.x. PMID 19785617.
- ^ Houtermans-Auckel, J.P.; van Rossum, E.; Teijink, J.A.W.; Dahlmans, A.A.H.R.; Eussen, E.F.B.; Nicolaï, S.P.A.; Welten, R.J. (1 September 2009). "To Wear or not to Wear Compression Stockings after Varicose Vein Stripping: A Randomised Controlled Trial". European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 38 (3): 387–391. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2009.05.025. PMID 19608438.
- ^ Isayev, Y; Chan, R. K.; Pullicino, P. M. (2002). ""Economy class" stroke syndrome?". Neurology. 58 (6): 960–1. doi:10.1212/wnl.58.6.960. PMID 11914416.
- ^ a b Rosdahl, Caroline (2012). Textbook of basic nursing. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9781605477725.
- ^ "What are Gradient Compression Stockings?". Physiocore. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
- ^ Laymon, Abigail S., Robert F. Chapman, Joel M. Stager, S. Lee Hong and Jeanne D. Johnston (2009). "Lower Leg Compression Sleeves: Influence on Running Mechanics and Economy in Highly Trained Distance Runners". School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Indiana University.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kemmler W, von Stengel S, Köckritz C, Mayhew J, Wassermann A, Zapf J. (2009). "Effect of compression stockings on running performance in men runners". Journal of strength and conditioning research. 23 (1): 101–5. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818eaef3. PMID 19057400.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Blättler W, Zimmet SE (2008). "Compression therapy in venous disease". Phlebology. 23 (5): 203–205. doi:10.1258/phleb.2008.081004. PMID 18806201.
- ^ Robert Stemmer Library (February 2013). "Compression Bulletin 24" (PDF). Sigvaris. p. 2 "Comment". Retrieved 21 August 2013.