Context analysis

Context analysis is a method to analyze the environment in which a business operates. Environmental scanning mainly focuses on the macro environment of a business. But context analysis considers the entire environment of a business, its internal and external environment. This is an important aspect of business planning. One kind of context analysis, called SWOT analysis, allows the business to gain an insight into their strengths and weaknesses and also the opportunities and threats posed by the market within which they operate. The main goal of a context analysis, SWOT or otherwise, is to analyze the environment in order to develop a strategic plan of action for the business.

Context analysis also refers to a method of sociological analysis associated with Scheflen (1963) which believes that 'a given act, be it a glance at [another] person, a shift in posture, or a remark about the weather, has no intrinsic meaning. Such acts can only be understood when taken in relation to one another.' (Kendon, 1990: 16). This is not discussed here; only Context Analysis in the business sense is.

Method

Figure 1 depicts the sequence of activities involved in conducting context analysis and it also depicts the data output of each activity.

The left side of the figure shows the process (activities) of the method; mainly consisting of three analyses on different organizational levels: trend analysis (macro environment), competitor analysis (meso environment) and organization analysis (micro environment). These activities are described in the table below and are further elaborated in the next section.

Activities

Activity	Sub Activity	Description
Define market		This refers to having a concrete description to which market you are going to analyze.
Trend Analysis	Political trend analysis	Determine those political factors/changes that can have impact on the organization.
	Economical trend analysis	Identify economical factors/trends that can have impact on the organization.
	Social trend analysis	Identify social factors/trends that can have impact on the organization.
	Technological trend analysis	Identify technological factors/trends that have impact on the organization.
	Demographic trend analysis	Identify those demographic factors/trends that have an impact on the organization
Competitor Analysis	Determine competition levels	Determine for each of the four competition levels how the organization competes opposed to its competition.
	Analyze competitive forces	For each competitive force determine how the level of competition is within the industry.
	Analyze competitor behavior	Analyze how the competition's offense and defense tactics are.
	Determine competitor strategies	Determine out of the two strategies ( low-cost and differentiation) how to compete with the competition.
Define opportunities and threats		Based on the trend analysis and the competition analysis determine the opportunities and threats the organization faces with regard to the market.
Organization Analysis	Conduct internal analysis	Analyze the internal environment of the organization. Identify the organizations strengths and weaknesses
	Conduct competence analysis	Analyze the organization and identify its competences.
Create SWOT-I Matrix		Create a matrix which depicts the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats identified previously.
Develop strategic plan		Based on the SWOT-I matrix compare the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats identified with the identified competences and determine a strategic plan.

The right side of the figure shows the data that result from each activity. As previously mentioned, the ultimate goal of this method is to devise a strategic plan. This is thus the main data output of the method. The strategic plan is composed of three output data resulting from the three main analysis activities: Trend analysis, Competitor analysis and Organization analysis data. These are further subdivided into individual data outputs corresponding with the activity steps of the method. The following table provides a description of all the resulting data from the method.

Data

Data	Definition (source)
TREND ANALYSIS	Analysis of the trends that can be of influence to an organization. This analysis aids organizations in making timely decisions about their activities and organization. Trend analysis consists of political trend analysis, economical trend analysis, social trend analysis, technological trend analysis and demographic trend analysis. (Van der Meer, 2005)
POLITICAL TREND	Political trends are short and long term changes in governmental policies. (Van der Meer, 2005)
ECONOMICAL TREND	Economical trends to changes to for example the rise or fall of prosperity and spending of consumers, globalization etc. (Van der Meer, 2005)
TECHNOLOGICAL TREND	Technological trends are changes due to ever changing technological developments. The main issue here is for the organization to determine how they can take advantage hereof to make money. (Van der Meer, 2005)
SOCIAL TREND	Social trends are changes in what is or is not important to people within the society. (Van der Meer, 2005)
DEMOGRAPHICAL TREND	Demographic trends are changes in the population. For example, its size, age groups, religion, salaries etc. An organization needs to pay attention to these changes because this can effect the demand. (Van der Meer, 2005)
COMPETITOR ANALYSIS	It is important for an organization to know who the competition is, how they operate and how powerful they are in order to survive in a particular market. (Van der Meer, 2005)
COMPETITION LEVEL	Companies compete on several levels, like on the basis of the needs of consumers, general competition, product competition and brand competition. The organization should concentrate on all four levels to be able to understand the demand. (Van der Meer, 2005)
CONSUMER NEEDS	This level is the level of competition that refers to the needs and desires of consumers. A company should ask: What are the desires of the consumers?
GENERAL COMPETITION	This level of competition refers to the kind of demand consumers have. (for example: do consumers prefer shaving with electric razor or a razor blade)
PRODUCT	This level refers to the type of demand. Thus what types of products do consumers prefer?
BRAND	This level refers to brand competition. Which brands are preferable to a consumer?
COMPETITIVE FORCE	Forces that determine the organizations level of competition within a particular market. There are six forces that have to be taken into consideration, power of the competition, threat of new entrants, bargaining power of buyers and suppliers, threat of substitute products and the importance of complementary products. (Van der Meer, 2005)
COMPETITION POWER	Competition power refers to identifying who your direct competitors are.
NEW ENTRANTS	Regarding this competitive force, an organization should ask themselves: how easy is it for a newcomer to enter the market and are there already newcomers who have entered?
BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS	The bargaining power of buyers refers to how much influence the company has on the buyers. Can they persuade the buyers to do business with them?
BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS	The bargaining power of suppliers is how much influence does a supplier have over a company.
COMPLEMENTARY PRODUCTS	Complementary products are products or services that can diminish the demand of a companies products and services.
SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS	A company should answer the following: Which products can potentially be used instead of ours?
COMPETITOR BEHAVIOR	Refer to the defensive and offensive actions of the competition. (Van der Meer, 2005)
COMPETITOR STRATEGY	These strategies refer to how an organization competes with other organizations. And these are only two, low price strategy and product differentiation. (Van der Meer, 2005)
OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS	These refer to the opportunities and strengths of the organization with regard to the market.
ORGANIZATION ANALYSIS	This analysis refers to which knowledge and skills are present within an organization. (Van der Meer, 2005)
STRENGTH	Factors within an organization that results in a market advantage. (Van der Meer, 2005)
WEAKNESS	Aspects that are needed in the market but which the organization is unable to comply with. (Van der Meer, 2005)
COMPETENCE	The combination between knowledge, skills and technology that an organization has or still have to achieve. (Van der Meer, 2005)
SWOT-i MATRIX	A description if the strengths, weaknesses and opportunities and threats of an organization. The matrix can be used to determine how to use organizations strengths to exploit the opportunities in the market and to address its weaknesses and defend itself against threats in the market. (Ward & Peppard,2002)
STRATEGIC PLAN	This is a strategic plan of action for the organization as a result of conducting context analysis. The trend and competitor analysis gives insight to the opportunities and threats in the market and the internal analysis gives insight to the competences of the organization. And by combining these competences and opportunities and strengths a strategic plan can be developed. (Van der Meer, 2005)

In the following sections a complete elaboration is given of the activities of the method presented in this section.

Define market or subject

The first step of the method is to define a particular market (or subject) one wishes to analyze and focus all analysis techniques on what was defined. A subject, for example, can be a newly proposed product idea.

Trend Analysis

The next step of the method is to conduct a trend analysis. Trend analysis is an analysis of macro environmental factors in the external environment of a business, also called PEST analysis. It consists of analyzing political, economical, social, technological and demographic trends. This can be done by first determining which factors, on each level, are relevant for the chosen subject and to score each item as to specify its importance. This allows the business to identify those factors that can influence them. They can’t control these factors but they can try to cope with them by adapting themselves. The trends (factors) that are addressed in PEST analysis are Political, Economical, Social and Technological; but for context analysis Demographic trends are also of importance. Demographic trends are those factors that have to do with the population, like for example average age, religion, education etc. Demographic information is of importance if, for example during market research, a business wants to determine a particular market segment to target. The other trends are described in environmental scanning and PEST analysis. Trend analysis only covers part of the external environment. Another important aspect of the external environment that a business should consider is its competition. This is the next step of the method, competitor analysis.

Competitor Analysis

As one can imagine, it is important for a business to know who its competition is, how they do their business and how powerful they are so that they can be on the defense and offense. In Competitor analysis a couple of techniques are introduced how to conduct such an analysis. Here I will introduce another technique which involves conducting four sub analyses, namely: determination of competition levels, competitive forces, competitor behavior and competitor strategy.

Competition levels

Businesses compete on several levels and it is important for them to analyze these levels so that they can understand the demand. Competition is identified on four levels:

• Consumer needs: level of competition that refers to the needs and desires of consumers. A business should ask: What are the desires of the consumers?
• General competition: The kind of consumer demand. For example: do consumers prefer shaving with electric razor or a razor blade?
• Brand: This level refers to brand competition. Which brands are preferable to a consumer?
• Product: This level refers to the type of demand. Thus what types of products do consumers prefer?

Another important aspect of a competition analysis is to increase the consumer insight. For example: [Ducati] has, by interviewing a lot of their customers, concluded that their main competitor is not another bicycle, but sport-cars like [Porsche] or [GM]. This will of course influence the competition level within this business.

Competitive forces

These are forces that determine the level of competition within a particular market. There are six forces that have to be taken into consideration, power of the competition, threat of new entrants, bargaining power of buyers and suppliers, threat of substitute products and the importance of complementary products. This analysis is described in Porter 5 forces analysis.

Competitor behavior

Competitor behaviors are the defensive and offensive actions of the competition.

Competitor strategy

These strategies refer to how an organization competes with other organizations. And these are: low price strategy and product differentiation strategy.

Opportunities and Threats

The next step, after the trend analysis and competitor analysis are conducted, is to determine threats and opportunities posed by the market. The trends analysis revealed a set of trends that can influence the business in either a positive or a negative manner. These can thus be classified as either opportunities or threats. Likewise, the competitor analysis revealed positive and negative competition issues that can be classified as opportunities or threats.

Organization Analysis

The last phase of the method is an analysis of the internal environment of the organization, thus the organization itself. The aim is to determine which skills, knowledge and technological fortes the business possesses. This entails conducting an internal analysis and a competence analysis.

Internal analysis

The internal analysis, also called SWOT analysis, involves identifying the organizations strengths and weaknesses. The strengths refer to factors that can result in a market advantage and weaknesses to factors that give a disadvantage because the business is unable to comply with the market needs.

Competence analysis

Competences are the combination of a business’ knowledge, skills and technology that can give them the edge versus the competition. Conducting such an analysis involves identifying market related competences, integrity related competences and functional related competences. ass

SWOT-i matrix

The previous sections described the major steps involved in context analysis. All these steps resulted in data that can be used for developing a strategy. These are summarized in a SWOT-i matrix. The trend and competitor analysis revealed the opportunities and threats posed by the market. The organization analysis revealed the competences of the organization and also its strengths and weaknesses. These strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats summarize the entire context analysis. A SWOT-i matrix, depicted in the table below, is used to depict these and to help visualize the strategies that are to be devised. SWOT- i stand for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats and Issues. The Issues refer to strategic issues that will be used to devise a strategic plan.

	Opportunities (O1, O2, ..., On)	Threats (T1, T2, ..., Tn)
Strengths (S1, S2, ..., Sn)	S1O1...SnO1 ... S1On...SnOn	S1T1...SnT1 ... S1Tn...SnTn
Weaknesses (W1, W2, ..., Wn)	W1O1...WnO1 ... W1On...WnOn	W1T1...WnT1 ... W1Tn...WnTn

This matrix combines the strengths with the opportunities and threats, and the weaknesses with the opportunities and threats that were identified during the analysis. Thus the matrix reveals four clusters:

• Cluster strengths and opportunities: use strengths to take advantage of opportunities.
• Cluster strengths and threats: use strengths to overcome the threats
• Cluster weaknesses and opportunities: certain weaknesses hamper the organization from taking advantage of opportunities therefore they have to look for a way to turn those weaknesses around.
• Cluster weaknesses and threats: there is no way that the organization can overcome the threats without having to make major changes.

Strategic Plan

The ultimate goal of context analysis is to develop a strategic plan. The previous sections described all the steps that form the stepping stones to developing a strategic plan of action for the organization .The trend and competitor analysis gives insight to the opportunities and threats in the market and the internal analysis gives insight to the competences of the organization. And these were combined in the SWOT-i matrix. The SWOT-i matrix helps identify issues that need to be dealt with. These issues need to be resolved by formulating an objective and a plan to reach that objective, a strategy.

Example

In this section I’ll present a complete example of how one should conduct context analysis. It will consist of examples for each step of the method presented in the previous section for a fictitious business.

Joe Arden is in the process of writing a business plan for his business idea, Arden Systems. Arden Systems will be a software business that focuses on the development of software for small businesses. Joe realizes that this is a tough market because there are many software companies that develop business software. Therefore, he conducts context analysis to gain insight into the environment of the business in order to develop a strategic plan of action to achieve competitive advantage within the market.

Define market

First step is to define a market for analysis. Joe decides that he wants to focus on small businesses consisting of at most 20 employees.

Trend Analysis

Next step is to conduct trend analysis. The macro environmental factors that Joe should take into consideration are as follows:

• Political trend: Intellectual property rights
• Economical trend: Economic growth
• Social trend: Reduce operational costs; Ease for conducting business administration
• Technological trend: Software suites; Web applications
• Demographic trend: Increase in the graduates of IT related studies

Competitor Analysis

Following trend analysis is competitor analysis. Joe analyzes the competition on four levels to gain insight into how they operate and where advantages lie.

• Competition level:
  • Consumer need: Arden Systems will be competing on the fact that consumers want efficient and effective conducting of a business
  • Brand: There are software businesses that have been making business software for a while and thus have become very popular in the market. Competing based on brand will be difficult.
  • Product: They will be packaged software like the major competition.
• Competitive forces: Forces that can affect Arden Systems are in particular:
  • The bargaining power of buyers: the extent to which they can switch from one product to the other.
  • Threat of new entrants: it is very easy for someone to develop a new software product that can be better than Arden's.
  • Power of competition: the market leaders have most of the cash and customers; they have to power to mold the market.
• Competitor behavior: The focus of the competition is to take over the position of the market leader.
• Competitor strategy: Joe intends to compete based on product differentiation.

Opportunities and Threats

Now that Joe has analyzed the competition and the trends in the market he can define opportunities and threats.

• Opportunities:
  • Because the competitors focus on taking over the leadership position, Arden can focus on those segments of the market that the market leader ignores. This allows them to take over where the market leader shows weakness.
  • The fact that there are new IT graduates, Arden can employ or partner with someone that may have a brilliant idea.
• Threats:
  • IT graduates with fresh idea's can start their own software businesses and form a major competition for Arden Systems.

Organization Analysis

After Joe has identified the opportunities and threats of the market he can try and figure out what Arden System's strengths and weaknesses are by doing an organization analysis.

• Internal Analysis:
  • Strength: Product differentiation
  • Weakness: Lacks innovative people within the organization
• Competence analysis:
  • Functional related competence: Arden Systems provides system functionalities that fit small businesses.
  • Market related competence: Arden Systems has the opportunity to focus on a part of the market which is ignored.

SWOT-i matrix

After the previous analyses, Joe can create a SWOT-i matrix to perform SWOT analysis.

	Opportunities	Threats
Strengths	Product differentiation, market leader ignores market segment
Weaknesses		Lack of innovation, increase in IT graduates

Strategic Plan

After creating the SWOT-i matrix, Joe is now able to devise a strategic plan.

• Focus all software development efforts to that part of the market which is ignored by market leaders, small businesses.
• Employ recent innovative It graduates to stimulate the innovation within Arden Systems.

See also

• Organization design
• Segmenting and positioning
• Environmental scanning
• Market research
• SWOT analysis
• PESTLE analysis
• Gap analysis

References

1. Van der Meer, P.O. (2005). Omgevings analyse. In Ondernemerschap in hoofdlijnen. (pp 74 -85). Houten: Wolters-Noordhoff.
2. Ward, J. & Peppard, J. (2002).The Strategic Framework. In Strategic Planning for information systems. (pp. 70 – 81).England: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0470841471
3. Ward, J. & Peppard, J. (2002). Situation Analysis. In Strategic Planning for information systems. (pp. 82 - 83).England: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0470841471
4. Porter, M. (1980). Competitive strategy: techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. New York: Free Press
5. Kendon, A. (1990). Conducting Interaction: Patterns of Behavior in Focused Encounters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.