Covering sickness
Covering sickness, or dourine (French, from the Arabic darina, meaning mangy (said of a female camel), feminine of darin, meaning dirty),[1] is a disease of horses and other members of the family equidae. The disease is caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum, which belongs to an important genus of parasitic protozoa, and is the only member of the genus that is spread through sexual intercourse.[2] The occurrence of dourine is notifiable in the European Union under legislation from the OIE.[3] There currently is no vaccine and although clinical signs can be treated,[4] there is no cure.[5]
Parasite
Trypanosoma equiperdum is one of three known strains from the Trypanosoma family; along with Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma brucei.[2] Trypanosoma equiperdum has been discovered to be most closely linked to Trypanosoma evansi, so much so that even observation under microscope is not sufficient to differentiate between the two as their structure is very similar.[6]
Dourine is a unique disease in the sense that it has no known vectors or fomites existing in the natural world, other than members of the equine family, including donkeys, mules, and horses.[7] In a laboratory setting, Trypanosoma equiperdum has been manipulated to adapt to and proliferate in other species, such as dogs, rabbits, mice and rats, but this has never been observed to occur naturally and without scientific manipulation.[5] Although this limits spread of the disease because it is restricted to the equine population alone, the organism has developed complex mechanisms over time to better equip itself for prolonged survival in the equine species. This parasite efficiently evades the host animal's immune system through the use of variable surface glycoproteins or VSGs.[8] These VSGs allow the organism to constantly manipulate and change the surface structure of its proteins, which means it is constantly being presented to the immune system as a new foreign organism and this prevents the body from mounting a large enough immune response to eradicate the disease.[8] In this sense, Trypanosoma equiperdum is a very efficient organism; it may infect less species than other diseases, but it infects and survives very efficiently within its specified hosts.
Treatment
Because this disease is highly durable in its equine host, it has proved very difficult to develop a vaccine for it. There are four main drugs on the market that are used to treat the clinical signs of dourine: Suramin, Diminazen, Cymerlarsan, and Quinapyramin.[4][9] However, none of the listed drugs are a cure and even the individual animals that are treated will experience relapses.[5] Although this disease is not fatal in all cases and spontaneous recovery can occur, the death rate is relatively high and listed at a mortality rate of over fifty percent.[3]
This lack of a cure or vaccine is a definite problem in the equine industry, especially in developing countries where equines are highly valuable for both agriculture and transportation.[10] Dourine is considered an endemic problem in developing countries, where over sixty percent of equines in the world are located.[11] The protocol for this disease, as stated by OIE, currently stands at slaughter of seropositive animals.[3] This is not an economically feasible option for many people who depend on horses for their livelihood. Therefore, it is crucial to continue research in this field and develop a viable vaccine.
References
- ^ "dourine". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. Bartleby.com. 2000. Retrieved 2007-05-13.
- ^ a b Gillingwater, K; Buscher P; Brun R (2207). "Establishment of a panel of reference Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma equiperdum strains for drug screening". Vet Parasitology. 148: 114–121.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|year=(help) - ^ a b c 2012 Codes of Practice. "Dourine Extract" (PDF). Horserace Betting Levyboard. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Gillingwater, K.; Buscher P; Brun R (2007). "Establishment of a panel of reference Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma equiperdum strains for drug screening". Vet Parasitology. 148: 114–121.
- ^ a b c Hagos, A.; Goddeeris BM; Yilkal K; et al. (2010). "Efficacy of Cymerlarsan and Diminasan against Trypanosoma equiperdum infections in mice and horses". Vet Parasitology. 171: 200–206.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Brun, R; Hecker H; Lun AR (1998). "Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum: distribution, biology, treatment and phylogenetic relationship (a review)". Vet Parasitology. 79: 95–107.
- ^ Gillingwater, K; Buscher P; Brun R (2007). "Establishment of a panel of reference Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma equiperdum strains for drug screening". Vet Parasitology. 148: 114–121.
- ^ a b Raibaud, A.; Gaillard G; Longacre S; et al. (1983). "Genomic environment of variant surface antigen genes of Trypanosoma equiperdum". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 80: 4306–4310.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Merck Veterinary Manual. "Dourine". Retrieved 20 March 2012.
- ^ Brun, R.; Hecker H; Lun AR (1998). "Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum: distribution, biology, treatment and phylogenetic relationship (a review)". Vet Parasitology. 79: 95–107.
- ^ Hagos, A.; Goddeeris BM; Yilkal K; et al. (2012). "Efficacy of Cymerlarsan and Diminasan against Trypanosoma equiperdum infections in mice and horses". Vet Parasitology. 171: 200–206.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help)
External links
- Dourine at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Current status of Covering sickness worldwide at OIE. WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health Information Database
- Disease card