Data scrubbing
Data scrubbing is an error correction technique that uses a background task to periodically inspect main memory or storage for errors, and then correct detected errors using redundant data in form of different checksums or copies of data. Data scrubbing reduces the likelihood that single correctable errors will accumulate, leading to reduced risks of uncorrectable errors.
Introduction
Data integrity is a high-priority concern in writing, reading, storage, transmission, or processing of the computer data in computer operating systems, and in computer storage and data transmission systems. However, only a few of the currently existing and used file systems provide sufficient protection against data corruption.[1][2][3]
To address this issue, data scrubbing provides routine checks of all inconsistencies in data and, in general, prevention of hardware or software failure. This "scrubbing" feature occurs commonly in memory, disk arrays, file systems or FPGAs, as a mechanism of error detection and correction.[4][5][6]
RAID
With data scrubbing, a RAID controller may periodically read all hard disk drives in a RAID array and check for defective blocks before applications might actually access them. This reduces the probability of silent data corruption and data loss due to bit-level errors.[7]
In Dell PowerEdge RAID environments, a feature called "patrol read" can perform data scrubbing and preventive maintenance.[8]
Linux MD RAID, as a software RAID implementation, makes data consistency checks available and provides automated repairing of detected data inconsistencies. Such procedures are usually performed by setting up a weekly cron job. Maintenance is performed by issuing operations check, repair or idle to each of the examined MD devices. Statuses of all performed operations, as well as general RAID statuses, are always available.[9][10][11]
File systems
Btrfs
As a copy-on-write (CoW) file system for Linux, Btrfs provides fault isolation, corruption detection and correction, and file system scrubbing. If the file system detects a checksum mismatch while reading a block, it first tries to obtain (or create) a good copy of this block from another device – if its internal mirroring or RAID techniques are in use.[12]
Btrfs can initiate an online check of the entire file system by triggering a file system scrub job that is performed in the background. The scrub job scans the entire file system for integrity and automatically attempts to report and repair any bad blocks it finds along the way.[13][14]
ZFS
ZFS, a combined file system and logical volume manager, features (among other things) verification against data corruption modes, continuous integrity checking and automatic repair. Sun Microsystems designed ZFS from the ground up with a focus on data integrity and to protect the data on disks against bugs in disk firmware, ghost writes, and so on.[15]
ZFS has a repair software-tool called scrub that examines and repairs silent data corruption caused by bit rot and other problems.
Memory
Due to the high integration density of contemporary computer memory chips, the individual memory cell structures became small enough to be vulnerable to cosmic rays and/or alpha particle emission. The errors caused by these phenomena are called soft errors. This can be a problem for DRAM and SRAM based memories.
Memory scrubbing does error-detection and correction of bit errors in computer RAM by using ECC memory, other copies of the data, or other error-detecting codes.
FPGA
Scrubbing is a technique used to reprogram an FPGA. It can be used periodically to avoid the accumulation of errors without the need to find one in the configuration bitstream, thus simplifying the design.
Numerous approaches can be taken with respect to scrubbing, from simply reprogramming the FPGA to partial reconfiguration. The simplest method of scrubbing is to completely reprogram the FPGA at some periodic rate (typically 1/10 the calculated upset rate). However, the FPGA is not operational during that reprogram time, on the order of micro to milliseconds. For situations that cannot tolerate that type of interruption, partial reconfiguration is available. This technique allows the FPGA to be reprogrammed while still operational.[16]
See also
- Data corruption
- Silent data corruption
- Error detection and correction
- fsck - a tool for checking the consistency of a file system
- CHKDSK - similar to fsck, used in Windows operating systems
References
- ^ "Checking ZFS File System Integrity". Oracle Solaris ZFS Administration Guide. Oracle. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
- ^ Vijayan Prabhakaran (2006). "IRON FILE SYSTEMS" (PDF). Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Sciences. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
- ^ "Parity Lost and Parity Regained".
- ^ "An Analysis of Data Corruption in the Storage Stack" (PDF).
- ^ "Impact of Disk Corruption on Open-Source DBMS" (PDF).
- ^ "Baarf.com". Baarf.com. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
- ^ Ulf Troppens, Wolfgang Mueller-Friedt, Rainer Erkens, Rainer Wolafka, Nils Haustein. Storage Networks Explained: Basics and Application of Fibre Channel SAN, NAS, ISCSI,InfiniBand and FCoE. John Wiley and Sons, 2009. p.39
- ^
"About PERC 6 and CERC 6i Controllers". Retrieved 2013-06-20.
The Patrol Read feature is designed as a preventative measure to ensure physical disk health and data integrity. Patrol Read scans for and resolves potential problems on configured physical disks.
- ^ "RAID Administration". kernel.org. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
- ^ "Software RAID and LVM: Data scrubbing". archlinux.org. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
- ^ "Linux kernel documentation: Documentation/md.txt". kernel.org. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
- ^ "btrfs Wiki: Features". The btrfs Project. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
- ^ Bierman, Margaret; Grimmer, Lenz (August 2012). "How I Use the Advanced Capabilities of Btrfs". Retrieved 2013-09-20.
- ^ Coekaerts, Wim (2011-09-28). "btrfs scrub – go fix corruptions with mirror copies please!". Retrieved 2013-09-20.
- ^ Bonwick, Jeff (2005-12-08). "ZFS End-to-End Data Integrity". Retrieved 2013-09-19.
- ^ "Xcell journal, issue 50" (PDF). FPGAs on Mars. Xilinx. 2004. p. 9. Retrieved 2013-10-16.