Deltoid curve

File:HypotrochoidOn3.gif

The red curve is a deltoid.

In geometry, a deltoid, also known as a tricuspoid or Steiner curve, is a hypocycloid of three cusps. In other words, it is the roulette created by a point on the circumference of a circle as it rolls without slipping along the inside of a circle with three times its radius. It can also be defined as a similar roulette where the radius of the outer circle is 3/2 that of the rolling circle. It named after the Greek letter delta which it resembles.

Equations

A deltoid can be represented (up to rotation and translation) by the following parametric equations

$x=2a\cos(t)+a\cos(2t)\,$

$y=2a\sin(t)-a\sin(2t)\,$

where a is the radius of the rolling circle.

In complex coordinates this becomes

$z=2ae^{it}+ae^{-2it}$.

The variable t can be eliminated from these equations to give the Cartesian equation

$(x^{2}+y^{2})^{2}+18a^{2}(x^{2}+y^{2})-27a^{4}=8a(x^{3}-3xy^{2})\,$

and is therefore a plane algebraic curve of degree four. In polar coordinates this becomes

$r^{4}+18a^{2}r^{2}-27a^{4}=8ar^{3}\cos 3\theta \,$.

The curve has three singularities, cusps corresponding to $t=0,\,\pm {\tfrac {2\pi }{3}}$. The parameterization above implies that the curve is rational which implies it has genus zero.

A line segment can slide with each end on the deltoid and remain tangent to the deltoid. The point of tangency travels around the deltoid twice while each end travels around it once.

The dual curve of the deltoid is

$x^{3}-x^{2}-(3x+1)y^{2}=0,\,$

which has a double point at the origin which can be made visible for plotting by an imaginary rotation y ↦ iy, giving the curve

$x^{3}-x^{2}+(3x+1)y^{2}=0\,$

with a double point at the origin of the real plane.

History

Ordinary cycloids were studied by Galileo Galilei and Marin Mersenne as early as 1599 but cycloidal curves were first conceived by Ole Rømer in 1674 while studying the best form for gear teeth. Leonhard Euler claims first consideration of the actual deltoid in 1745 in connection with an optical problem.

Applications

Deltoids arise in several fields of mathematics. For instance:

• The set of complex eigenvalues of unistochastic matrices of order three forms a deltoid.
• A cross-section of the set of unistochastic matrices of order three forms a deltoid.
• The set of possible traces of unitary matrices belonging to the group SU(3) forms a deltoid.
• The intersection of two deltoids parametrizes a family of Complex Hadamard matrices of order six.
• The set of all Simson lines of given triangle, form an envelope in the shape of a deltoid. This is known as the Steiner deltoid or Steiner's hypocycloid after Jakob Steiner who described the shape and symmetry of the curve in 1856.

See also

• Astroid, a curve with four cusps
• Reuleaux triangle
• Superellipse

References

• E. H. Lockwood (1961). "Chapter 8: The Deltoid". A Book of Curves. Cambridge University Press. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
• J. Dennis Lawrence (1972). A catalog of special plane curves. Dover Publications. pp. 131–134. ISBN 0-486-60288-5.
• Wells D (1991). The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry. New York: Penguin Books. p. 52. ISBN 0-14-011813-6.
• Weisstein, Eric W. "Deltoid". MathWorld.
• "Tricuspoid" at MacTutor's Famous Curves Index
• "Deltoïde" at Encyclopédie des Formes Mathématiques Remarquables (in French)
• Sokolov, D.D. (2001) [1994], "Steiner curve", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press