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Depsipeptide

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A depsipeptide is a peptide in which one or more of its amide, -C(O)NHR-, groups are replaced by the corresponding ester, -C(O)OR,[1] Many depsipeptides have both peptide and ester linkages. They are mainly found in marine and microbial natural products.[2]

Example of a depsipeptide with 3 amide groups (highlighted blue) and one ester group (highlighted green). R1 and R3 are organic groups (e. g. methyl) or a hydrogen atom found in α-hydroxycarboxylic acids. R2, R4 and R5 are organic groups or a hydrogen atom found in common amino acids.

Depsipeptide natural products

Enterochelin is a depsipeptide that is an iron-transporter.[3]

Several depsipeptides have been found to exhibit anti-cancer properties.[4]

A depsipeptide enzyme inhibitor includes romidepsin, a member of the bicyclic peptide class, a known histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). It was first isolated as a fermentation product from Chromobacterium violaceum by the Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Company.[5]

Etamycin, described above, was shown in preliminary data in 2010 to have potent activity against MRSA in a mouse model.[6] Several depsipeptides from Streptomyces exhibit antimicrobial activity.[7][8] These form a new, potential class of antibiotics known as acyldepsipeptides (ADEPs). ADEPs target and activate the casein lytic protease (ClpP) to initiate uncontrolled peptide and unfolded protein degradation, killing many Gram-positive bacteria.[9][10][11]

Further reading

  • papuamide. Ford PW, Gustafson KR, McKee TC, Shigematsu N, Maurizi LK, Pannell LK, Williams DE, de Silva ED, Lassota P, Allen TM, Van Soest R, Andersen RJ, Boyd MR. Papuamides A-D, HIV-Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Depsipeptides from the Sponges Theonella mirabilis and Theonella swinhoei Collected in Papua New Guinea. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999;121:5899–5909
  • neamphamide A Oku N, Gustafson KR, Cartner LK, Wilson JA, Shigematsu N, Hess S, Pannell LK, Boyd MR, McMahon JB. Neamphamide A. A new HIV-inhibitory depsipeptide from the Papua New Guinea marine sponge Neamphius huxleyi J. Nat. Prod. 2004; 67(8): 1407-11.
  • callipeltin A Zampella A, D'Auria MV, Paloma LG, Casapullo A, Minale L, Debitus C, Henin Y. Callipeltin A, an Anti-HIV Cyclic Depsipeptide from the New Caledonian Lithistida Sponge Callipelta sp. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996;118:6202-9
  • mirabamides A-D Plaza A, Gustchina E, Baker HL, Kelly M, Bewley CA. Mirabamides A-D. Depsipeptides from the sponge Siliquariaspongia mirabilis that inhibit HIV-1 fusion J. Nat. Prod. 2007;70(11):1753-60. Andjelic CD, Planelles V, Barrows LR. Characterizing the Anti-HIV Activity of Papuamide A. Mar Drugs. 2008;6(4):528-49 [1]

References

  1. ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "depsipeptides". doi:10.1351/goldbook.D01604
  2. ^ "Recent Progress of the Synthetic Studies of Biologically Active Marine Cyclic Peptides and Depsipeptides". Chem. Rev. 105: 4441–4482. 2005. doi:10.1021/cr0406312. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Walsh, Christopher T., Jun Liu, Frank Rusnak, and Masahiro Sakaitani (1990). "Molecular Studies on Enzymes in Chorismate Metabolism and the Enterobactin Biosynthetic Pathway". Chemical Reviews. 90 (7): 1105–1129. doi:10.1021/cr00105a003.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Kitagaki, J.; Shi, G.; Miyauchi, S.; Murakami, S.; Yang, Y. (2015). "Cyclic depsipeptides as potential cancer therapeutics". Anticancer Drugs. 26: 259–71. doi:10.1097/CAD.0000000000000183.
  5. ^ Yurek-George, Alexander; Cecil, Alexander Richard Liam; Mo, Alex Hon Kit; Wen, Shijun; Rogers, Helen; Habens, Fay; Maeda, Satoko; Yoshida, Minoru; et al. (2007). "The First Biologically Active Synthetic Analogues of FK228, the Depsipeptide Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 50 (23): 5720–5726. doi:10.1021/jm0703800. PMID 17958342.
  6. ^ Haste, Nina M; Perera, Varahenage R; Maloney, Katherine N; Tran, Dan N; Jensen, Paul; Fenical, William; Nizet, Victor; Hensler, Mary E (2010). "Activity of the streptogramin antibiotic etamycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus". Journal of Antibiotics. 63 (5): 219. doi:10.1038/ja.2010.22. PMC 2889693.
  7. ^ K. H. Michel, R. E. Kastner (Eli Lilly and Company), US 4492650, 1985 [Chem. Abstr. 1985, 102, 130459]
  8. ^ Osada, Hiroyuki, Tatsuya Yano, Hiroyuki Koshino, and Kiyoshi Isono. "Enopeptin A, a novel depsipeptide antibiotic with anti-bacteriophage activity." The Journal of Antibiotics 44.12 (1991): 1463-1466.
  9. ^ Li, Dominic Him Shun, Alba Guarné, Michael R. Maurizi, Yi-Qiang Cheng, Gerard D. Wright, Rodolfo Ghirlando, Ebenezer Joseph, Melanie Gloyd, Yu Seon Chung, and Joaquin Ortega. "Acyldepsipeptide Antibiotics Induce The Formation Of A Structured Axial Channel In ClpP: A Model For The ClpX/ClpA-Bound State Of ClpP." Chemistry & Biology 17.9 (2010): 959-969. Print.
  10. ^ Hinzen, Berthold, Harald Labischinski, Heike Brötz-Oesterhelt, Rainer Endermann, Jordi Benet-Buchholz, Veronica Hellwig, Dieter Häbich, Andreas Schumacher, Thomas Lampe, Holger Paulsen, and Siegfried Raddatz. "Medicinal Chemistry Optimization of Acyldepsipeptides of the Enopeptin Class Antibiotics." ChemMedChem 1.7 (2006): 689-693. Print.
  11. ^ Carney, Daniel W., Karl R. Schmitz, Jonathan V. Truong, Robert T. Sauer, and Jason K. Sello. "Restriction of the Conformational Dynamics of the Cyclic Acyldepsipeptide Antibiotics Improves Their Antibacterial Activity." JACS 136 (2014): 1922-1929
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