Depth of focus (tectonics)
In seismology, the depth of focus or focal depth refers to the depth at which an earthquake occurs. Earthquakes occurring at a depth of less than 70 km (43 mi) are classified as shallow-focus earthquakes, while those with a focal depth between 70 km (43 mi) and 300 km (190 mi) are commonly termed mid-focus or intermediate-depth earthquakes.[1] In subduction zones, where older and colder oceanic crust descends beneath another tectonic plate, deep-focus earthquakes may occur at much greater depths in the mantle, ranging from 300 km (190 mi) up to 700 km (430 mi).[2][3]
The cause of deep-focus earthquakes is still not entirely understood since subducted lithosphere at that pressure and temperature regime should not exhibit brittle behavior. A possible mechanism for the generation of deep-focus earthquakes is faulting caused by olivine undergoing a phase transition into a spinel structure,[4] with which they are believed to be associated. Earthquakes at this depth of focus typically occur at oceanic-continental convergent boundaries, along Wadati–Benioff zones.[5]
Discovery
The evidence for deep-focus earthquakes was discovered in 1922 by H.H. Turner of Oxford, England. Previously, all earthquakes were considered to have shallow focal depths. The existence of deep-focus earthquakes was confirmed in 1931 from studies of the seismograms of several earthquakes, which in turn led to the construction of travel-time curves for intermediate and deep earthquakes.[6]
See also
References
- ^ Spence, William, Stuart A. Sipkin, and George L. Choy (1989). "Measuring the Size of an Earthquake." Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS). 21 (1), 58–63.
- ^ "M7.5 Northern Peru Earthquake of 26 September 2005" (PDF). National Earthquake Information Center. 17 October 2005. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
- ^ USGS. "M7.5 Northern Peru Earthquake of 26 September 2005" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-08-01.
- ^ Greene II, H. W.; Burnley, P. C. (October 26, 1989). "A new self-organizing mechanism for deep-focus earthquakes". Nature. 341 (6244): 733–737. Bibcode:1989Natur.341..733G. doi:10.1038/341733a0.
- ^ Marius Vassiliou, Bradford Hager, and Arthur Raefsky (1984): "The Distribution of Earthquakes with Depth and Stresses in Subducting Slabs", Journal of Geodynamics 1, 11–28.
- ^ Spence, William, Stuart A. Sipkin, and George L. Choy (1989).
This article incorporates public domain material from Measuring the Size of an Earthquake. United States Geological Survey. {{citation}}: Unknown parameter|last-author-amp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS). 21 (1), 58–63.
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