View source for Docufiction

{{For|documentary fiction relating to novels|Historical fiction}}{{Distinguish|Docudrama}}{{short description|Film genre}}
[[File:Moana_tatoo.jpg|thumb|''[[Moana (1926 film)|Moana]]'', by Robert Flaherty, an early example of docufiction (1926)]]

'''Docufiction''' (or '''docu-fiction''') is the cinematographic combination of [[documentary film|documentary]] and [[fiction]], this term often meaning [[narrative film]]. It is a [[film genre]]<ref>[http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/intgenre/intgenre7.html An Introduction to Genre Theory] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118185337/http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/intgenre/intgenre7.html |date=November 18, 2011 }} by [[Daniel Chandler]] at [http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/ Aberystwyth University]</ref> which attempts to capture reality such as it is (as [[direct cinema]] or [[cinéma vérité]]) and which simultaneously introduces unreal elements or fictional situations in [[narrative]] in order to strengthen the representation of reality using some kind of [[artistic expression]].<ref>[https://www.videomaker.com/article/c06/18290-a-creative-treatment-of-actuality A creative treatment of actuality] – article by Peter Biesterfeld at [https://www.videomaker.com/ Videomaker], 08/07/2015</ref>

More precisely, it is a documentary mixed with fictional elements,<ref>[http://www.tesionline.it/default/tesi.asp?idt=18073 Il difficile rapporto tra fiction e non fiction che si concretizza nella docu-fiction] (The difficult relationship between fiction and non-fiction patent in docufiction) – thesis in Italian by Laura Marchesi, Faculty of Communication Sciences (Università degli Studi di Pavia) at [http://www.tesionline.it/default/index.asp Tesionline], 2005/06</ref> in [[Real time (media)|real time]], filmed when the events take place, and in which the main [[character (arts)|character]] or characters—often portrayed by non-professional or amateur actors—are essentially playing themselves, or slightly fictionalized versions of themselves, in a fictionalized scenario. In this sense, docufiction may overlap to an extent with some aspects of the [[mockumentary]] format, but the terms are not synonymous.

A film genre in expansion, it is adopted by a number of [[experimental]] filmmakers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

The [[neologism]] docufiction<ref>What is docufiction? – See [http://www.bul.unisi.ch/cerca/bul/memorie/com/pdf/9900Candeloro.pdf Section II, pages 37 to 75 (four chapters)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911104733/http://www.bul.unisi.ch/cerca/bul/memorie/com/pdf/9900Candeloro.pdf |date=September 11, 2011 }} of the thesis by Prof. Theo Mäusli</ref> appeared at the beginning of the 21st century. It is now commonly used in several languages and widely accepted for classification by international film festivals.<ref>[[Indie Matra Bhumi]] ([http://cine-file.info/ccf/india.html The Motherland)] – [[Cannes Film Festival]]</ref><ref>[http://en.daringtodo.com/?p=4178 Ablel Ferrara’s docufiction] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119000831/http://en.daringtodo.com/?p=4178 |date=January 19, 2012 }} – [[Venice Film Festival]]</ref><ref>[http://www.redchannels.org/screenings/2010/quiet_one.html The Savage Eye: White Docu-Fiction & Black Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913091103/http://www.redchannels.org/screenings/2010/quiet_one.html |date=September 13, 2011 }} at [http://www.tribecafilm.com/ Tribeca Film Festival]</ref><ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2007/09/11/brian-de-palmas-on-his-ir_n_63981.html Brian De Palma's On His Iraq Docu-Fiction Comeback] at [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ The Huffington Post] – [[Toronto International Film Festival]] and Venice Film Festival</ref><ref>[[Dariush Mehrjui|Darius Mehrjui’s film Diamond 33]] – [[Venice Film Festival]]</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/jan/01/this-weeks-new-film-events New Film Events] – [[London Short Film Festival]]</ref><ref>[http://www.ioncinema.com/news/id/5095/oscilloscope-howl-for-off-beat-docu-fiction-sundance-selection Oscilloscope 'Howl' for Off Beat Docu-Fiction Sundance Selection] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227172219/http://www.ioncinema.com/news/id/5095/oscilloscope-howl-for-off-beat-docu-fiction-sundance-selection |date=December 27, 2011 }} at [http://www.ioncinema.com/ Ion Cinema]</ref><ref>[http://www.vivacinema.it/s/docu-fiction/ Docufiction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901125818/http://www.vivacinema.it/s/docu-fiction/ |date=2011-09-01 }} at several film festivals</ref><ref>See: Hybrids (fiction/nonfiction films) at External links</ref>

[[File: Portrait of Robert J. Flaherty.jpg|220px|thumb|[[Robert Flaherty]]]]

==Origins==
The term involves a way of making films already practiced by such authors as [[Robert Flaherty]], one of the fathers of documentary,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20011122000707/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma01/Huffman/Frontier/define.html Definition of documentary – New Frontiers in American documentary] (American Studies at The University of Virginia)</ref><ref>[http://www.transartinstitute.org/Example_Papers.html The Impulse of Documentary-Fiction]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319052930/http://www.transartinstitute.org/Example_Papers.html |date=March 19, 2012 }} – Paper at [http://www.transartinstitute.org/About.html Transart Institute] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831101542/http://transartinstitute.org/About.html |date=2011-08-31 }}</ref> and [[Jean Rouch]], later in the 20th century.

Being both [[fiction]] and [[documentary]],<ref>[http://www.avila.edu/journal/fall03/StonePaper.htm (NON)FICTION AND THE VIEWER: RE-INTERPRETING THE DOCUMENTARY FILM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325153902/http://www.avila.edu/journal/fall03/StonePaper.htm |date=2012-03-25 }} – Paper by Tammy Stone, [http://www.avila.edu/ Avila University]</ref> docufiction is a [[Cross-genre|hybrid]] genre,<ref>See [http://www.bul.unisi.ch/cerca/bul/memorie/com/pdf/9900Candeloro.pdf hybrid genre] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911104733/http://www.bul.unisi.ch/cerca/bul/memorie/com/pdf/9900Candeloro.pdf |date=September 11, 2011 }} – page 50, thesis on docufiction by Prof. Theo Mäusli</ref> raising [[ethical]] problems<ref name="latineos1">[http://latineos.com/en/articles/popular-culture/item/84-open-ended-realities.html Open-ended Realities] – article by Luciana Lang at [http://latineos.com/ Latineos]</ref><ref>[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/french_forum/v035/35.2-3.loftus.pdf The appeal of hybrid documentary forms in West Africa] at [http://muse.jhu.edu/ Project Muse]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120707064104/http://centerforsocialmedia.wikispaces.com/message/view/Ethical+Practices/90224 Ethics and Documentary Filmmaking] – Article by [[Marty Lucas]] at [https://archive.today/20120711010041/http://futureofpublicmedia.wikispaces.com/home Center for Social Media] (American University in Washington, D.C.)</ref><ref>[http://www.communication.usf.edu/faculty/butchart/ethics-documentary.pdf On Ethics and Documentary: A Real and Actual Truth] – Article by [[Garnet C. Butchart]] at Cultural Studies Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, published [http://www.communication.usf.edu University of South Florida]</ref><ref>[http://www.documentary.org/content/what-do-about-documentary-distortion-toward-code-ethics-0 What to Do About Documentary Distortion? Toward a Code of Ethics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323061134/http://www.documentary.org/content/what-do-about-documentary-distortion-toward-code-ethics-0 |date=2012-03-23 }} – Article by [[Bill Nichols (film critic)|Bill Nichols]] at [http://www.documentary.org/ Documentary.org]</ref><ref>[https://utdallas.academia.edu/ArdavonNaimi/Papers/844614/Documentary_Film_Prompts-Ethics_in_Documentary_Fiction_vs._Documentary Documentary Film Prompts-Ethics in Documentary/Fiction vs. Documentary] – Paper by [[Ardavon Naimi]] at [https://utdallas.academia.edu University of Texas at Dallas]</ref><ref>[http://www.uniteforsight.org/global-health-university/filmmaking Ethics and Filmmaking in Developing Countries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513163142/http://www.uniteforsight.org/global-health-university/filmmaking |date=2021-05-13 }} at [http://www.uniteforsight.org/ Unite For Sight]</ref> concerning [[truth]], since reality may be manipulated and confused with fiction (see [[Creative nonfiction#Ethics|Ethics]] at [[creative non-fiction]]).

In the domain of [[visual anthropology]], the innovating role of Jean Rouch<ref>[http://www.rouge.com.au/3/rouch_valediction.html Jean Rouch 1917-2004, A Valediction] – Article by [[Michael Eaton]] at [http://www.rouge.com.au/ Rouge]</ref> allows one to consider him as the father of a subgenre called [[ethnofiction]].<ref>[http://www.maitres-fous.net/glossary.html Glossary] at MAITRES_FOUS.NET</ref><ref>Jean Rouch and the Genesis of Ethnofiction, thesis by Brian Quist, Long Island University</ref> This term means: [[ethnographic]] documentary film with natives who play fictional roles. Making them play a role about themselves will help portray reality, which<ref>"Ethnofiction: drama as a creative research practice in ethnographic film." Journal of Media Practice 9, no. 3(2008), eScholarID:1b5648, article by Johannes Sjöberg</ref> will be reinforced with [[imagery]]. A non-ethnographic [[documentary]] with fictional elements uses the same method and, for the same reasons, may be called docufiction.

==Docudrama and mockumentary==
In contrast, [[docudrama]] is usually a dramatized recreation of factual events in form of a documentary, at a time subsequent to the "real" events it portrays.<ref>See [http://www.sadibey.com/dosyalar/Gerekli_Seyler/Documentary_Genres.doc Docudrama: the real (his)tory Confusion of genres] – Page 2 on the thesis by Çiçek Coşkun (New York University School of Education)</ref> While ''docudrama'' can be confused with ''docufiction,'' "docudrama" refers specifically to film or other television recreations that dramatize certain events, often with actors. {{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

A [[mockumentary]] is also a film or television show in which fictitious events are presented in documentary format, sometimes a recreation of factual events after they took place or a comment on [[current events]], typically satirical, comedic or even dramatic.<ref>A television programme or film which takes the form of a serious documentary in order to satirize its subject. – definition at The Free Dictionary and Dictionary.com</ref> Whereas mockumentaries are usually fully scripted comedies or dramas that merely adopt some aspects of documentary format as a framing device, docufictions are usually not scripted, instead placing the participants in a fictionalized scenario while portraying their own genuine reactions and their own [[improvisation]]al dialogue and character development.

==First docufictions by country==
* 1926: '''[[United States]]''' – ''[[Moana (1926 film)|Moana]]''<ref>[http://www.indiewire.com/article/why-the-first-docufiction-in-history-deserves-a-new-life-20140703 Why 'Moana,' the First Docufiction in History, Deserves a New Life] – article by Laya Maheshwari at Indiewire, July 3, 2014</ref> by [[Robert Flaherty]]<ref>Note, however, that Flaherty's earlier film, [[Nanook of the North]] from 1922, incorporates many docufiction elements, including the "casting" of locals into fictitious "roles" and family relationships, as well as anachronistic hunting scenes</ref>
* 1930: '''[[Portugal]]''' –   ''[[Maria do Mar]]'' by [[Leitão de Barros]]<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0021125/ Maria do Mar] at IMdb</ref>
* 1930: '''[[Germany]]''' -   ''[[People on Sunday]]'' by [[Robert Siodmak]] and [[Edgar G. Ulmer]]
* 1932: '''[[France]]''' –  ''[[L'or des mers]]'' by [[Jean Epstein]]<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0203759/ L'Or des mers at IMdb]</ref>
* 1948: '''[[Italy]]''' – ''[[La Terra Trema]]'' by [[Luchino Visconti]]
* 1952: '''[[Japan]]''' – ''[[Children of Hiroshima]]'' by [[Kaneto Shindo]]
* 1963: '''[[Canada]]''' – ''[[Pour la suite du monde]]'' (''Of Whales, the Moon and Men'') by [[Pierre Perrault]] and [[Michel Brault]]
* 1981: '''[[Morocco]]''' – ''[[Trances (film)|Trances]]'' by [[Ahmed El Maânouni]]
* 1988: '''[[Guiné-Bissau]]''' – ''[[Mortu Nega]]'' (Death denied) by [[Flora Gomes]]
* 1990: '''[[Iran]]''' – ''[[Close-Up (1990 film)|Close-up]]'' by [[Abbas Kiarostami]]
* 1991: '''[[Finland]]''' – ''[[Zombie and the Ghost Train]]'' by [[Mika Kaurismäki]]<ref>[https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D0CE6D6113CF937A35753C1A967958260 Zombie and the Ghost Train (1991)Review/Film Festival; How a Zombie Became One With Alcohol and Self-Pity]</ref>
* 2002:  '''[[Brazil]]''' – ''[[City of God (2002 film)|City of God]]'' by [[Fernando Meirelles]] and [[Kátia Lund]]<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/17/movies/film-review-boys-soldiering-in-an-army-of-crime.html Boys Soldiering in an Army of Crime] – article by [https://www.nytimes.com/by/stephen-holden?action=click&contentCollection=Movies&module=Byline&region=Header&pgtype=article Stephen Holden], NY Times, January 17, 2003</ref>
* 2005: '''[[Iraq]]''' –  ''[[Underexposure (film)|Underexposure]]'' by [[Oday Rasheed]]<ref>[http://www.indiewire.com/2013/11/how-the-arab-spring-changed-the-arab-screen-and-why-you-need-to-start-paying-attention-33276/ How the Arab Spring Changed the Arab Screen and Why You Need to Start Paying Attention] – review by [http://www.indiewire.com/author/ronan-doyle/ Ronan Doyle], November 5, 2013</ref><ref>[https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2011-jun-23-la-fg-iraq-movie-20110623-story.html Trying to find beauty in the darkness of Iraq] review by Salar Jaff and Ned Parker at Los Angeles Times, June 23, 2011</ref>

== Other notable examples ==
* 1927: ''[[Chang: A Drama of the Wilderness]]'' by [[Merian C. Cooper]] and [[Ernest B. Schoedsack]] (US)<ref name="BP-20190721">{{cite news |last1=Biggs |first1=Andrew |title=What's past is prologue |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/1716191/whats-past-is-prologue |quote=pseudo-documentary |access-date=November 17, 2024 |work=Bangkok Post |date=July 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011025026/https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/1716191/whats-past-is-prologue |archive-date=2023-10-11 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1931: ''[[Tabu (1931 film)|Tabu]]'' by [[Robert Flaherty]] and [[F.W. Murnau]] (US)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/jul/21/tabu-murnau-classic-dvd | title=Tabu | newspaper=The Guardian | date=20 July 2013 | last1=French | first1=Philip }}</ref>
* 1934: ''[[Man of Aran]]'' by Robert Flaherty (US)<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2016 |title=Robert J. Flaherty, Who Blurred the Line Between Nonfiction and Fiction in Film |work=NY Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/07/movies/robert-j-flaherty-who-blurred-the-line-between-nonfiction-and-fiction-in-film.html}}</ref>
* 1942: ''[[Ala-Arriba! (film)|Ala-Arriba!]]'' by [[Leitão de Barros]] (Portugal)<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0034439/ Ala-Arriba!] at [https://www.imdb.com/ IMDb]</ref>
* 1948: ''[[Louisiana Story]]'' by Robert Flaherty (US)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Crowther |first=Bosley  |date=1948-09-29 |title=' Luisiana Story,' a Flaherty Film About a Boy in the Bayou Country, at the Sutton |language=en |work=NY Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1948/09/29/archives/-luisiana-story-a-flaherty-film-about-a-boy-in-the-bayou-country-at.html}}</ref>
* 1956: ''[[On the Bowery]]'' by [[Lionel Rogosin]] (US)<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/movies/homevideo/lionel-rogosins-on-the-bowery-on-blu-ray.html Out of the Bowery’s Shadows (Then Back In)] – article by [https://www.nytimes.com/by/dave-kehr?action=click&contentCollection=DVD&module=Byline&region=Header&pgtype=article Dave Kehr], February 24, 2012</ref><ref>[https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/lionel-rogosins-on-the-bowery-looks-at-skid-row/Content?oid=5635899 One drink over the line] – article by [https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/ArticleArchives?author=866632 J.R. Jones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427081945/https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/ArticleArchives?author=866632 |date=2018-04-27 }} at the Chicago Reader, February 16, 2012</ref>
* 1958: ''[[White Wilderness (film)|Walt Disney's White Wilderness]] by [[James Algar]] (US)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/cruelcamera/fakery.html|title=Cruel Camera, FAKERY in Wildlife Documentaries|at=event of 1958|series=CBC news, the fifth estate|date=2008-11-26|website=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131072142/http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/cruelcamera/fakery.html|archive-date=2009-01-31|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 1958: ''[[Moi, un noir]]'' (Me, A Black Man) by [[Jean Rouch]] (France)<ref>[https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-434412736/the-film-is-the-search-j-hoberman-on-jean-rouch-s The Film Is the Search: J. Hoberman on Jean Rouch's Moi, Un Noir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428011622/https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-434412736/the-film-is-the-search-j-hoberman-on-jean-rouch-s |date=2018-04-28 }} – article by J. Hoberman, Artforum International, November 2015</ref>
* 1959 ''[[India: Matri Bhumi|India Matri Bhumi]]'' (The Motherland)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cine-file.info/ccf/india.html |title=Chicago Cinema Forum |publisher=Cine-file.info |date=2007-08-29 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref><ref>[http://filmjourney.weblogger.com/2007/03/18/india-matri-bhumi-1958/ India: Matri Bhumi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905085934/http://filmjourney.weblogger.com/2007/03/18/india-matri-bhumi-1958/|date=September 5, 2008}} – Article by [[Doug Cummings]] at [http://filmjourney.weblogger.com Filmjourney] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029182855/http://filmjourney.weblogger.com/|date=2015-10-29}} (March 18th, 2007)</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130126095101/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/digitally-cleaned-india-matri-bhumi-screened-at-vienna-film-festival/196651-8.html Digitally cleaned 'India, Matri Bhumi' screened at Vienna film festival] – Article at IBN Live</ref> by [[Roberto Rossellini]], released<ref>{{cite web |last=Christopher |first=Rob |url=http://chicagoist.com/tags/lucgodard |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628211510/http://chicagoist.com/tags/lucgodard |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-28 |title=Q: What Do You Call a Movie That's Getting Its Chicago Premiere 48 Years After Being Made? |publisher=Chicagoist |date=2007-08-29 |access-date=2012-08-29 }}</ref> 2007 (Italy)
* 1959: ''[[Come Back, Africa]]'' by Lionel Rogosin (US)<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/579603/summary | title=Come Back, Africa: The Films of Lionel Rogosin, Volume II (Review) | journal=The Moving Image | year=2014 | volume=14 | issue=2 | pages=118–120 | last1=McClune | first1=Caitlin }}</ref>
* 1961: ''[[The Human Pyramid (1961 film)|La pyramide humaine]]'' by Jean Rouch  (The Human Pyramid)<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0196879/ The Human Pyramid] at IMdb.</ref> (France)
* 1962: ''[[Rite of Spring (film)|Rite of Spring]]'' by [[Manoel de Oliveira]]<ref>See [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0056811 Acto da Primavera]</ref> (Portugal)
* 1964: ''[[Belarmino]]'' by [[Fernando Lopes (filmmaker)|Fernando Lopes]] (Portugal)<ref>[https://letterboxd.com/film/belarmino/ Belarmino] – reference note at [https://letterboxd.com/ Letterbox]</ref>
* 1967: ''[[David Holzman's Diary]]'' by [[Jim McBride]] (US)<ref>[https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/david-holzmans-diary David Holzman's Diary] – review by [https://www.slantmagazine.com/author/49 Jaime N. Christley] at [https://www.slantmagazine.com/ Slant Magazine], June 13, 2011</ref>
* 1970: ''[[The Clowns (film)|The Clowns]]'' by [[Federico Fellini]] (Italy)<ref>[http://the-artifice.com/i-clowns-fellini-mockumentary/ I clowns: Fellini's Mockumentary] – article  at [http://the-artifice.com/ The Artifice]</ref><ref>[http://louderthanwar.com/i-clowns-1970-dir-by-federico-fellini-film-review/ Revue] by Jamie Havlin at [http://louderthanwar.com/ Louder than War]</ref><ref>[http://monstermoviemusic.blogspot.pt/2015/09/i-clowns-federico-fellini-1970.html Frames from  scenes] at [http://monstermoviemusic.blogspot.pt/ MMM]</ref>
* 1973: ''[[Trevico-Torino (viaggio nel Fiat-Nam)]]'' by [[Ettore Scola]] (Italy)<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0144647/ Trevico-Torino (viaggio nel Fiat-Nam] at IMdb</ref>
* 1974: ''[[Orders (1974 film)|Orders]] (Les Ordres)'', by [[Michel Brault]] (Canada)<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/despite-success-of-les-ordres-filmmaker-michel-brault-preferred-fact-to-fiction/article17957257/ Despite success of Les Ordres, filmmaker Michel Brault preferred fact to fiction] – article by [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/authors/robert-everett-green/ Robert Everett-Green] at [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/ The Globe and Mail], April 14, 2017</ref>
* 1974: ''[[Montreal Main]]'', by [[Frank Vitale]] (Canada)<ref>[https://www.donshewey.com/arts_articles/montreal-main-rubber-gun.html Lives more interesting than movies] – article by [https://www.donshewey.com/ Don Shewey], Soho News, June 18, 1980</ref>
* 1976: ''[[Trás-os-Montes (film)|Trás-os-Montes]]'' (Portugal)<ref>[http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa/films/2012aprjun/reis.html#tras Trás-os-Montes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002023424/http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa/films/2012aprjun/reis.html#tras |date=2012-10-02 }} at [http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa/ Harvard Film Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231205620/http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa/ |date=2012-12-31 }} by [[António Reis]] and [[Margarida Cordeiro]]</ref><ref>[http://www.cinema.ucla.edu/events/2012-07-06/films-and-legacy-antonio-reis-and-margarida-cordeiro António Reis and Margarida Cordeiro at [[UCLA]]</ref>
* 1982: ''[[Ana (1982 film)|Ana]]'' by [[António Reis]] and Margarida Cordeiro (Portugal)<ref>[http://www.thelmagazine.com/newyork/rep-pick-ana/Content?oid=2239579 Rep Pick: Ana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712182605/http://www.thelmagazine.com/newyork/rep-pick-ana/Content?oid=2239579 |date=2014-07-12 }} – Review by [[Aaron Cutler]] at The L Magazine</ref>
* 1982: ''[[After the Axe]]'', by [[Sturla Gunnarsson]] (Canada)<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0083525/ After the Axe] at [[IMDb]]</ref><ref>[https://www.nfb.ca/film/after_axe/ After the Axe] – reference note with film online by Sturla Gunnarsson, [[National Film Board of Canada]]</ref>
* 1984: ''[[The Masculine Mystique]]'' by [[Giles Walker]] and [[John N. Smith]] (Canada)<ref>[https://www.nfb.ca/film/masculine_mystique/ The Masculine Mystique] - reference note with film online by [https://www.nfb.ca/directors/john-n-smith/ John N. Smith] and [https://www.nfb.ca/directors/giles-walker/ Giles Walker], [[National Film Board of Canada]]</ref> 
* 1985: ''[[90 Days (film)|90 Days]]'' by Giles Walker (Canada)<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/05/movies/screen-90-days-canadian-comedy.html Screen: '90 Days,' Canadian comedy] – review by [https://www.nytimes.com/by/janet-maslin?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=Byline&region=Header&pgtype=article Janet Maslin], NY Times, 1986</ref>
* 1986: ''[[Sitting in Limbo (1986 film)|Sitting in Limbo]]'' by John N. Smith (Canada)<ref>[http://www.reelcanada.ca/film/sitting-in-limbo/ Sitting in Limbo] – reference note with film at [http://www.reelcanada.ca/about-us/ Reel Canada]</ref>
* 1987: ''[[The Last Straw (1987 film)|The Last Straw]]'' by Giles Walker (Canada)<ref>[https://www.straight.com/news/gwynne-dyer-shortage-sperm Gwynne Dyer: A shortage of sperm] – commentary by [https://www.straight.com/user/215 Gwynne Dyer], December 2012</ref>
* 1987: ''[[Train of Dreams]]'' by John N. Smith (Canada)<ref>[http://onf-nfb.gc.ca/en/our-collection/?idfilm=16914 Train of Dreams] – reference note at [http://onf-nfb.gc.ca/en/home/ ONF]</ref><ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094173/ Train of Dreams] at the [IMDb]</ref>
* 1989: ''[[Welcome to Canada]]'' by John N. Smith (Canada)<ref>[https://www.nfb.ca/film/welcome_to_canada/ Welcome to Canada] – reference note by [https://www.nfb.ca/directors/john-n-smith/ John N. Smith] at [https://www.nfb.ca ONF] with film online</ref>
* 1990: ''[[The Company of Strangers]]'' by [[Cynthia Scott]] (Canada)<ref>[http://workforall.nfb.ca/film/company_of_strangers/ The Company of Strangers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093546/http://workforall.nfb.ca/film/company_of_strangers/ |date=2018-04-28 }} – reference note at [https://www.nfb.ca ONF] with film for download</ref>
* 1991: ''[[And Life Goes On]]'' by [[Abbas Kiarostami]] (Iran)<ref>[http://inreviewonline.com/2011/09/05/life-and-nothing-more/ Life, and Nothing More] – review by [http://inreviewonline.com/category/the-writers/writer-tina-hassannia/ Tina Hassannia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626082236/http://inreviewonline.com/category/the-writers/writer-tina-hassannia/ |date=2018-06-26 }} at [http://inreviewonline.com/ Inreviewonline], September 5, 2011</ref>
* 2000: ''[[In Vanda's Room]]'' by [[Pedro Costa]] (Portugal)<ref>[https://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/on-the-knifes-edge-pedro-costas-in-vandas-room On the Knife’s Edge: Pedro Costa’s In Vanda’s Room] – review by [https://www.slantmagazine.com/author/115 Travis Hoover] at [https://www.slantmagazine.com/ Slant Magazine], July 5, 2007</ref><ref>[https://www.newyorker.com/goings-on-about-town/movies/in-vandas-room In Vanda's Room] – review by [[Richard Brody]] at [https://www.newyorker.com The New Yorker]</ref>
* 2002: ''[[Ten (2002 film)|Ten]]'' by [[Abbas Kiarostami]] (Iran)<ref>[https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/ten-2003 Ten] – review by [[Roger Ebert]], April 11, 2003</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/sep/27/artsfeatures Ten] – review by [[Peter Bradshaw]], The Guardian, 27 Sep 2002</ref><ref>[http://sensesofcinema.com/2003/abbas-kiarostami-remembered/ten/ Ten] – review by [http://sensesofcinema.com/author/rolando-caputo/ Rolando Caputo] at [[Senses of Cinema]], December 2003</ref>
* 2006: ''[[Colossal Youth (film)|Colossal Youth]]'' by Pedro Costa (Portugal)<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/sep/27/artsfeatures Life, Assembled One Room at a Time] review by [[Manohla Dargis]], NY Times, August 3, 2007</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2008/apr/29/pedrocostasultraminimalcolo Colossal Youth is a colossal confusion] – review by  [https://www.theguardian.com/profile/samuelwigley Samuel Wigley], April 29, 2008</ref>
* 2007: ''[[Criminals Gone Wild]]'' by Ousala Aleem (US)<ref>[http://nymag.com/news/features/crime/2008/42607/ Criminals Gone Wild] review by Logan Hill, NY Magazine, January 7, 2008</ref><ref>[http://nymag.com/news/features/crime/2008/42607 Crime Porn (With Simulated Action)] – review by  [http://nymag.com/nymag/author_230], January 7, 2008</ref>
* 2008: ''[[Our Beloved Month of August]]'' by [[Miguel Gomes (director)|Miguel Gomes]] (Portugal)<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jan/28/our-beloved-month-of-august-review Our Beloved Month of August] – review by [[Peter Bradshaw]] at The Guardian, January 28, 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.slantmagazine.com/author/204 film/review/our-beloved-month-of-august Our Beloved Month of August] – review by [https://www.slantmagazine.com/author/204 Glenn Heath Jr.] at [https://www.slantmagazine.com/author/204 Slant Magazine], September 7, 2010</ref>
* 2009: ''[[Carcasses (film)|Carcasses]]'' by [[Denis Côté]] (Canada)<ref name=meditation>"A meditation on what it means to be marginal". ''[[Montreal Gazette]]'', May 29, 2009.</ref>
* 2009: ''[[The Mouth of the Wolf (2009 film)|The Mouth of the Wolf]]'' by [[Pietro Marcello]] (Italy)<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/04/movies/the-mouth-of-the-wolf-review.html A Study of Time, Love and Decay in Genoa] – review by [[Stephen Holden]], August 3, 2011</ref><ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/wolfs-mouth-film-review-29286 The Wolf's Mouth] – review by [[Neil Young]] at [[The Hollywood Reporter]], October 14, 2010</ref>
* 2013: ''[[Closed Curtain]]'' by [[Jafar Panahi]] and [[Kambuzia Partovi]] (Iran)<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/sep/06/closed-curtain-review-iranian-auteur-confronts-depression Closed Curtain review – Iranian auteur confronts depression and creativity] – review by [[Mark Kermode]], The Guardian, September 6, 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.indiewire.com/2014/07/review-closed-curtain-directed-by-jafar-panahi-and-kambuzia-partovi-274641/ ‘Closed Curtain’ Directed8 by Jafar Panahi And Kambuzia Partovi] – review by Christopher Bell at [[IndieWire]], July 10, 2014</ref>
* 2015: ''[[Taxi (2015 film)|Taxi]]'' by [[Jafar Panahi]] (Iran)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/nov/01/taxi-tehran-review-admirable-jafar-panahi-takes-to-the-streets | title=Taxi Tehran review – Jafar Panahi's joy ride | newspaper=The Observer | date=November 1, 2015 | last1=Romney | first1=Jonathan }}</ref><ref>[https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/jafar-panahis-remarkable-taxi Jafar Panahi’s Remarkable “Taxi”] – review by [[Richard Brody]], New Yorker, October 13, 2015</ref>
* 2016: ''[[Tuktuq]]'' by [[Robin Aubert]] (Canada)<ref>[http://www.filmsquebec.com/films/tuktuq-robin-aubert/ "Tuktuq – Film de Robin Aubert"]. ''Films du Québec'', March 2, 2017</ref>
* 2018: ''[[Mad Dog Labine]]'' by [[Jonathan Beaulieu-Cyr]] and [[Renaud Lessard]] (Canada)<ref>[https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/cinema/551441/mad-dog-labine-irresistiblement-rough "«Mad Dog Labine»: irrésistiblement «rough»"]. ''[[Le Devoir]]'', April 6, 2019</ref>
* 2019: ''[[Rolling Thunder Revue: A Bob Dylan Story by Martin Scorsese|Rolling Thunder Revue]]'' by [[Martin Scorsese]] (US)
* 2023: ''[[Blue Hour: the Disappearance of Nick Brandreth |Blue Hour]]'' by [[Daniel Bowhers]] (US)

==See also==
{{portal|Film}}
{{colbegin}}
* [[Cinéma vérité]]
* [[Docudrama]] – a dramatized documentary
* [[Ethnofiction]]
* [[Mockumentary]] – a parodical or humoristic fictional documentary
* [[Pseudo-documentary]] – a fake documentary, often presented as real
* [[Scripted reality]] – a subgenre of [[reality television]], in which parts of the contents are fictional and scripted
* [[Visual anthropology]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources and bibliography==
THESES online
* {{in lang|en}} [https://jeunescoeurs.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/honours_thesis.pdf Docufiction in the Digital Age] – thesis by Tay Huizhen, National University of Singapore
* {{in lang|en}} [http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/12592/The%20Zulu%20Mask%20%20The%20Role%20of%20Creative%20Imagination%20in%20Documenta.pdf?sequence=1 The Zulu Mask: The Role of Creative Imagination in Documentary Film] – thesis by Clifford Derrick, Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
* {{in lang|en}} [http://www.sadibey.com/dosyalar/Gerekli_Seyler/Documentary_Genres.doc Docudrama: the real (his)tory] thesis by Çiçek Coşkun (New York University School of Education)
* {{in lang|en}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=HzcPuN6XCQIC&pg=PR1 Issues in contemporary documentary] by [[Jane Chapman]] at Google Books (pages 1 to 34)

ARTICLES and ESSAYS
* {{in lang|en}} [http://scan.net.au/scan/journal/display.php?journal_id=144 Shaping the Real: Directorial imagination and the visualisation of evidence in the hybrid documentary] – article by [https://web.archive.org/web/20160227120800/http://gogirlproductions.com.au/about.html Janet Merewether] at [http://scan.net.au/scn/index.html Scan], Media Department at [[Macquarie University]], Sydney
* {{in lang|en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235018/http://airmediaworks.org/blog/docufiction-where-art-and-life-merge-and-diverge Docufiction: Where Art and Life Merge and Diverge]– Article by Julie Drizin at [https://web.archive.org/web/20110904022326/http://www.mq2.org/ Makers Quest 2.0]
* {{in lang|en}} [http://www.gunthar.com/gatech/digital_documentary/Database_Documentary.pdf New Media Documentary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721084417/http://www.gunthar.com/gatech/digital_documentary/Database_Documentary.pdf |date=2013-07-21 }} – Paper by Gunthar Hartwig
* {{in lang|en}} [http://www.sadibey.com/dosyalar/Gerekli_Seyler/Documentary_Genres.doc Docudrama: the real (his)tory]
* {{in lang|en}} [http://www.voxmagazine.com/blog/2011/03/panel-review-%e2%80%9cat-the-edge-of-truth-hybrid-documentaries%e2%80%9d/ Panel: At The Edge of Truth: Hybrid Documentaries] at [http://www.voxmagazine.com/ Vox Talk] magazine
* {{in lang|en}} [http://repository.iitgn.ac.in/handle/123456789/1720?show=full The dual phase oscillation hypothesis and the neuropsychology of docu-fiction film] – article by [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208095824/http://cogs.iitgn.ac.in/people/post-doctoral-scholars/dyutiman-mukhopadhyay/ Dyutiman Mukhopadhyay], Consciousness, Literature and the Arts, vol. 16, no. 1, April 2015
* {{in lang|en}} [http://www.videomaker.com/article/c06/18290-a-creative-treatment-of-actuality A creative treatment of actuality] – paper by [http://www.videomaker.com/users/peter-biesterfeld Peter Biesterfeld] at [http://www.videomaker.com/taxonomy/term/18680 Videomaker], August 7, 2015
* {{in lang|en}} [http://thoughtleader.co.za/bertolivier/2012/09/17/the-art-paradox/ The art paradox] – article by [http://thoughtleader.co.za/bertolivier Bert Oliver] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208074309/http://thoughtleader.co.za/bertolivier |date=2015-12-08 }} at [http://thoughtleader.co.za/ Thought Leader], September 17, 2012
----
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.cairn.info/revue-vingtieme-siecle-revue-d-histoire-2005-4-page-95.htm Le documentaire historique au péril du « docufiction] – thesis by {{Ill|François Garçon|fr}} (abstract in English and French)
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www2.cnrs.fr/presse/journal/3983.htm 3 questions à…Isabelle Veyrat-Masson] – interview (Le Journal du CNRS)
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.critikat.com/panorama/retrospective/peter-watkins/ Peter Watkins, un cinéaste maudit] article at Critikat
----
* {{in lang|it}} [http://www.tesionline.it/default/tesi.asp?idt=18073 Un genere cinematografico: la docu-fiction. Il caso di 150 ore a Pavia] by Laura Marchesi (thesis – abstract)

CITATIONS
* {{in lang|en}} {{cite book|title=No Other Way to Tell It. Dramadoc/docudrama on television|last=Paget|first=Derek|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7190-4533-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/nootherwaytotell0000page}}
* {{in lang|en}} {{cite book|title=Why Docudrama? : Fact-Fiction on Film and TV |first=Alan|last=Rosenthal|publisher=Southern Illinois Press|location=Carbondale & Edwardsville |date=199|isbn=978-0-8093-2186-5}}
* {{in lang|en}} {{cite book|title=Real Emotional Logic. Film and Television Docudrama As Persuasive Practice|editor1-last=Lipkin|editor1-first=Steven N.|publisher=Southern Illinois Press|location=Carbondale|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8093-2409-5}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline|Docufiction}}

{{Narrative modes}}
{{Film genres}}

[[Category:Neologisms]]
[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Cinematic techniques]]
[[Category:Drama genres]]
[[Category:Documentary film genres]]
[[Category:Docufiction films| ]]
[[Category:Fiction by genre]]
[[Category:Fiction forms]]
[[Category:Television genres]]