Domingo de Soto

De iustitia et iure, 1568.

Libri decem de iustitia & iure

Domingo de Soto (1494 – 15 November 1560) was a Dominican priest and Scholastic theologian born in Segovia, Spain, and died in Salamanca at the age of 66. He is best known as one of the founders of international law and of the Spanish Thomistic philosophical and theological movement known as the School of Salamanca.

Biography

Trained in Alcalá, Spain, and Paris, France, before being made professor of Philosophy at Alcalá in 1520, he left academia in 1524 to join the Dominicans and returned to take the chair of theology at Salamanca University in 1532. He is best known in economic theory and theological circles for his writings defending the price differential in usury as compatible with "just price" from the perspective of the Thomists.

He held powerful positions including Confessor of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the emperor's representative at the Council of Trent.

Thought

Usury

De Soto was concerned about the complexity that had emerged from unclear moral standards of usury. He complained that the merchants had invented convoluted schemes in order to meet the conflicting demands of church leaders. His position should be seen within the background of his Franciscan background and historical context. De Soto was involved in an active debate in the medieval era on the sterility of money and the requirements of natural law given this sterility. His rationale on interest is explained by Langholm. Woods and D'Emic characterize de Soto's attitude toward usury in significantly different ways. D'Emic reports that De Soto thought voluntary contributions given from borrower to lender in gratitude were acceptable, but strictly forbid the lender from pressuring the borrower. He also asserts that De Soto thought permitted lenders to hope for such contributions along with other motives of benevolence and friendship, but regarded the sole motivation of financial gain as immoral "mental usury". Woods, on the other hand, reports that De Soto did not believe Christ had declared usury to be sinful at all, and did not believe that Luke 6:35 had anything to do with lending at interest.

Law

In 1556, Soto published a treatise on law, De Justitia and Jure (Justice and the Law) that is considered a foundational text in the general theory of international law. Like his teacher Francisco de Vitoria, Soto condemned the Spanish conquests in the New World.

Mechanics

In the 20th century, Pierre Duhem credited him with important achievements in dynamics and viewed his work as a forerunner of modern mechanics.

Works

• Summulae, 1529. (A manual of logic.)
• De ratione tegendi et detegendi secretum, 1541
• In dialecticam Aristotelis commentarii, 1544
• In VIII libros physicorum, 1545 (An influential commentary on Aristotle's Physics.)
• Deliberacion en la causa de los pobres, 1545
• De natura et gratia libri III, 1547 (A treatise on original sin and grace, written from a Thomistic point of view.)
• Comment. in Ep. ad Romanos, 1550
• In IV sent. libros comment. 1555-6.
• De justitia et jure libri X, 1556 (A treatise on law.)

References

• History of Economic Thought "Salamanca School"
• D'Emic, M.T. (2014). Justice in the Marketplace in Early Modern Spain: Saravia, Villalon and the Religious Origins of Economic Analysis. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-8129-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Doe, N. (2017). Christianity and Natural Law: An Introduction. Law and Christianity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-94956-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Garcia, Jose B. (1985). Un Siglo de moral economica en Salamanca, 1526-1629: Francisco de Vitoria y Domingo de Soto (in Spanish). Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad Salamanca. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Langholm, O. (1998). The Legacy of Scholasticism in Economic Thought: Antecedents of Choice and Power. Historical Perspectives on Mod. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62159-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Poitras, G. (2000). The Early History of Financial Economics, 1478-1776: From Commercial Arithmetic to Life Annuities and Joint Stocks. Edward Elgar. ISBN 978-1-84064-455-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Poitras, G. (2016). Equity Capital: From Ancient Partnerships to Modern Exchange Traded Funds. Routledge International Studies in Business History. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-59103-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Todeschini, Giacomo (2009). Franciscan Wealth: From Voluntary Poverty to Market Society. Espiritualidad y religion. Franciscan Institute, Saint Bonaventure University. ISBN 978-1-57659-153-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Woods, T.E. (2015). The Church and the Market: A Catholic Defense of the Free Economy. Studies in ethics and economics. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-8801-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)