Drought deciduous
Drought deciduous, or drought semi-deciduous plants refers to plants that shed their leaves during periods of drought or in the dry season. This phenomenon is a natural process of plants and is caused due to the limitation of water around the environment where the plant is situated.[1] In the spectrum of botany, deciduous is defined as a certain plant species that carry out abscission, the shedding of leaves of a plant or tree either due to age or other factors that causes the plant to regard these leaves as useless or not worth keeping over the course of a year. Deciduous plants can also be categorised differently than their adaptation to drought or dry seasons, which can be temperate deciduous during cold seasons, and in contrast to evergreen plants which do not shed leaves annually, possessing green leaves throughout the year.
Botany
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In botany, deciduous is a description of plants that carry out a process which lead to the loss of leaves during a certain time annually. This process of shedding leaves is known as abscission.[2] Deciduous plants represent a variety of plant species among trees, shrubs and herbs. The causes of this phenomenon can vary depending on where the plant or the whole ecosystem is situated at. The characteristics of season, climate, temperate and rainfall of a certain region are all considered as factors that may have influenced the plants to be deciduous or influencing plants to have evolved as deciduous plants.
Cold deciduous species include deciduous plant species that will undergo abscission annually or at a seasonal basis. Cold deciduous plant species focus on conserving its nutrient to survive through the extreme conditions in winter. Drought deciduous species, depending on the region it is situated, would undergo abscission not necessarily due to cold weather, they may undergo this process due to shortage of water which may be limited due to relatively low rainfall and summers with a relatively higher temperature or unexpected prolonged season. Conversely, evergreen plant species carry out abscission in a smaller scale continuously in any seasons throughout the year.
Mechanisms that trigger leaf drop is a process which includes physiological and chemical pathways happening within the plants. These include hormonal changes to gradually reduce the use of chlorophyll and generation of certain pigments which is used normally to generate energy via photosynthesis in summer, which gives the autumn colour of the leaves. Carotenoids are the pigmentation that is responsible for the yellow or brown colour of the leaves as they started to lose the presence of chlorophyll. Anthocyanin is another type of pigmentation that is responsible for giving out red or purple colour of leaves.[3] These pigmentations or the colour of leaves are generated by different concentrations of carbohydrate, nitrogen and chlorophyll.[4] In relationship with the discolouring of leaves, deciduous plant species are able to reabsorb nutrients from the leaves as they progress into abscission.
The formation of abscission layer between the stem and the leaf petiole signifies the initiation of abscission. Abscission layer is
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the region of separation between the leaves and the plant or the lamina and leaf base depending on plant species, which is referred collaboratively as the abscission zone. Within the abscission zones the types of cells are the same as the other parts of the plant, but with slight difference in abundance or quality. Sclerenchyma cells appears to be less abundant or weakly developed, Parenchyma cells are thin walled and compactly set with no intracellular spaces and there will be no presence of Collenchyma cells. This combination of cells makes the abscission zone particularly sensitive to the plant hormone known as auxin.[5] Under normal condition, the flow of auxin remain consistent throughout the structures of the plant. When the plant is under stress, either due to climate or environmental factors, the auxin flow will be disrupted or stopped affecting the auxin levels reaching the abscission layer of leaves triggering the elongation of the plant cells within the zone. Subsequently, the abscission zone will break allowing the leave to set apart from the plant.
Function
[edit]Deciduous plant will undergo the process of abscission either seasonally or due to external stress caused by the environment. By doing so, there are both advantages and disadvantages for the plant to lose its leaves rather than solely conserving nutrients and water. Many deciduous plant species make use of their leafless period efficiently by triggering reproductive processes such as flowering. Abscission allows the plant to perform dissemination of reproductive bodies, which includes seeds, fruits and pollens,[6] some deciduous plant species prefer to flower after undergoing abscission. This allows the plant to take greater advantage in reproductive perspective as the plant takes much less energy to maintain itself and survive without the presence of leaves, the plant can utilise wind transmission of pollens effectively.[7] Without the presence of leaves also allows the plant to utilise wind transmission of pollen more effectively or increasing the visibility of flowers allowing insects to spot and access to flowers easier thus pollinating plants.[8]
Due to the natural structure of deciduous plant species, it has a higher tolerance to environmental stress factors which may cause damages such as branch and trunk breakage when compared to evergreen species. Abscission can also be noted as self-pruning of the plant,[6] as the plant will shed leaves along with branches, flowered parts, fruits and injured parts. It is an excretory function of the plants as it removes waste materials that it accumulated throughout the year. Self-pruning also serves the original purpose of deciduous plant which is to remove excessive parts deemed unnecessary by the plant that might be competitive for water and nutrients. Without the presence of leaves can reduce the excessive energy required to repair damages of leaves to keep them functional which can be caused by predation from insects or other physical factors. As deciduous plant species would commit to full abscission to survive environmental stress, they must expend the extra energy that evergreen species will never need to in order to regrow a full new foliage when the harsh environmental condition resile or approaching to the next growing season.
Strategies in drought
[edit]Evergreen species are the opposite of deciduous species, evergreens possess a substantial amount of leaves throughout the year.[9] One of the most differentiating characteristics of these plants is featuring roots that penetrate much deeper into the ground[10] allowing evergreens to gain access to water source from underground and survive through a dry season.[11] Plant species that possess features that appear to be in between of evergreens and deciduous can be categorised as semi-deciduous, semi-evergreen depending on their annual abscission and flowering patterns. Deciduous species possess roots that penetrate much shallower into the ground when compared to evergreens, therefore when a deciduous plant is put under stress or whenever the access to nutrient and water is limited due to external factors such as normal seasonal climate change and drought.[12]
Deciduous plants will carry out abscission in the whole plant completely, which allows the plant to conserve its nutrient and energy to survive.[13] Deciduous plants have a higher photochemical efficiency when compared to evergreen species during times when it has leaves during spring and summer.[14] This allows it to take excessive energy and nutrients for storage and is the main strategy on surviving through days without the aid of chlorophyll and leaves in generating energy.
Apart from the prevention of water and nutrient loss, drought deciduous plant species can remove nutrients from leaves that are about to shed and store them as proteins in the other part of the plant.[13] It can shed their leaves drought-deciduous species can adjust to only discharge nutrient after drought relief for canopy reconstruction and leave growth. Deciduous plant species can resorb Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium which are the fundamental elements required by plants. This can additionally prevent significant impacts due to nutrient losses caused by leaf abscission. During the period after abscission had occurred, reserves of twig nitrogen in drought-deciduous species change accordingly with season or external stress, whereas evergreen species had a constant twig nitrogen level throughout the year.[15]
Ecosystems
[edit]In botany, plant and leaf phenology from ecosystems that are situated in high latitudes can be predicted based on seasonal cycle, where four seasons are highly distinctive. Ecosystems that are considered semi-arid and savanna-type (SAST) are less consistent and the range in both climate and plant species within these ecosystems vary significantly.[16] Drought deciduous plants species are often found in SAST ecosystems as they have higher tolerance to unpredicted external stress factors. These plant species are also very common in areas that have relatively dry seasons especially ecosystems that situates at the edges of deserts.
Regions
[edit]Drought deciduous plant species can be found in the most part of Europe, the eastern part of North and South America, Southern part of Africa and Southern and Eastern part of Asia,[17] particularly temperate regions that require the plants to cope with water shortages over the course of dry seasons.[18] Common deciduous plant species, either temperate or drought, will appear in temperate deciduous forest biomes which alternates continuously. It usually has distinct seasonal differences, winter, spring, summer and autumn, and an obvious contrast of winter and summer.
Whereas cold-deciduous plant species are commonly found in regions towards lower latitudes of the planet. These plant species can cope with climatic conditions that are more extreme in respect of temperatures.
Examples of drought deciduous species
[edit]Drought deciduous plants are very commonly found near the borders of deserts or along the coastal areas in the Northern Americas. Encelia fairnosa (commonly known as brittlebush) is a very common broadleaf drought deciduous plant species found near the desert around the northern part of Mexico and along the West Coast of the United States. Ambrosia Dumosa (commonly known as Burroweed) is a common microphyllous drought deciduous species which is found near those same areas as it lives within similar ecosystems as the brittlebush. Although both these examples are able to undergo abscission in response to droughts or dry seasons, they are from different plant families.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Killingbeck, Keith T. (September 1996). "Nutrients in Senesced Leaves: Keys to the Search for Potential Resorption and Resorption Proficiency". Ecology. 77 (6): 1716–1727. Bibcode:1996Ecol...77.1716K. doi:10.2307/2265777. ISSN 0012-9658. JSTOR 2265777.
- ^ Addicott, F T; Lynch, R S (June 1955). "Physiology of Abscission". Annual Review of Plant Physiology. 6 (1): 211–238. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.06.060155.001235. ISSN 0066-4294.
- ^ Li, Shu-Shun; Li, Qian-Zhong; Tang, Ling; Wen, Jing (2017-02-02). "Pigment comparison and expression of chlorophyll metabolism genes in yellow and green Acer palmatum leaves". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. doi:10.1139/cjps-2016-0307. hdl:1807/78523. ISSN 0008-4220.
- ^ Vemmos, S. N.; Papagiannopoulou, A.; Coward, S. (2012-02-09). "Effects of shoot girdling on photosynthetic capacity, leaf carbohydrate, and bud abscission in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)". Photosynthetica. 50 (1): 35–48. doi:10.1007/s11099-012-0003-0. ISSN 0300-3604. S2CID 15447629.
- ^ "Process of Abscission in Plants (With Diagram) | Botany". Biology Discussion. 2016-12-12. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
- ^ a b Addicott, F. T. (1965), "Physiology of abscission", Differenzierung und Entwicklung / Differentiation and Development, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 2741–2773, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-50088-6_70, ISBN 978-3-642-50090-9
- ^ Bohrer, Gil; Katul, Gabriel G.; Nathan, Ran; Walko, Robert L.; Avissar, Roni (July 2008). "Effects of canopy heterogeneity, seed abscission and inertia on wind-driven dispersal kernels of tree seeds". Journal of Ecology. 96 (4): 569–580. Bibcode:2008JEcol..96..569B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01368.x. ISSN 0022-0477.
- ^ Qu, Rongming; Li, Xiaojie; Luo, Yibo; Dong, Ming; Xu, Huanli; Chen, Xuan; Dafni, Amots (2007-09-18). "Wind-Dragged Corolla Enhances Self-Pollination: A New Mechanism of Delayed Self-Pollination". Annals of Botany. 100 (6): 1155–1164. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm209. ISSN 1095-8290. PMC 2759251. PMID 17881336.
- ^ Axelrod, Daniel I. (March 1966). "Origin of Deciduous and Evergreen Habits in Temperate Forests". Evolution. 20 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1966.tb03339.x. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 28564755. S2CID 38943221.
- ^ Sobrado, M. A. (1991). "Cost-Benefit Relationships in Deciduous and Evergreen Leaves of Tropical Dry Forest Species". Functional Ecology. 5 (5): 608–616. Bibcode:1991FuEco...5..608S. doi:10.2307/2389479. ISSN 0269-8463. JSTOR 2389479.
- ^ Sobrado, M.A. (January 1997). "Embolism vulnerability in drought-deciduous and evergreen species of a tropical dry forest". Acta Oecologica. 18 (4): 383–391. Bibcode:1997AcO....18..383S. doi:10.1016/s1146-609x(97)80030-6. ISSN 1146-609X.
- ^ Hasselquist, Niles J.; Allen, Michael F.; Santiago, Louis S. (2010-07-24). "Water relations of evergreen and drought-deciduous trees along a seasonally dry tropical forest chronosequence". Oecologia. 164 (4): 881–890. Bibcode:2010Oecol.164..881H. doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1725-y. ISSN 0029-8549. PMC 2981736. PMID 20658152.
- ^ a b Marchin, Renée; Zeng, Hainian; Hoffmann, William (2010-04-03). "Drought-deciduous behavior reduces nutrient losses from temperate deciduous trees under severe drought". Oecologia. 163 (4): 845–854. Bibcode:2010Oecol.163..845M. doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1614-4. ISSN 0029-8549. PMID 20364272. S2CID 19961273.
- ^ Karavatas, S.; Manetas, Y. (1999). "Seasonal Patterns of Photosystem 2 Photochemical Efficiency in Evergreen Sclerophylls and Drought Semi-Deciduous Shrubs under Mediterranean Field Conditions". Photosynthetica. 36 (1/2): 41–49. doi:10.1023/a:1007010502269. ISSN 0300-3604. S2CID 35440670.
- ^ Sobrado, M. A. (June 1995). "Seasonal differences in nitrogen storage in deciduous and evergreen species of a tropical dry forest". Biologia Plantarum. 37 (2): 291–295. doi:10.1007/bf02913228. ISSN 0006-3134. S2CID 44043005.
- ^ Dahlin, Kyla M.; Ponte, Dominick Del; Setlock, Emily; Nagelkirk, Ryan (2017). "Global patterns of drought deciduous phenology in semi-arid and savanna-type ecosystems". Ecography. 40 (2): 314–323. doi:10.1111/ecog.02443. ISSN 1600-0587.
- ^ Xia, Jiangzhou; Chen, Yang; Liang, Shunlin; Liu, Dan; Yuan, Wenping (December 2015). "Global simulations of carbon allocation coefficients for deciduous vegetation types". Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology. 67 (1): 28016. Bibcode:2015TellB..6728016X. doi:10.3402/tellusb.v67.28016. ISSN 1600-0889.
- ^ Vico, Giulia; Dralle, David; Feng, Xue; Thompson, Sally; Manzoni, Stefano (2017-06-01). "How competitive is drought deciduousness in tropical forests? A combined eco-hydrological and eco-evolutionary approach". Environmental Research Letters. 12 (6): 065006. Bibcode:2017ERL....12f5006V. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa6f1b. ISSN 1748-9326.