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{{Chinese|pic=Dragonboat racing.jpg|piccap=Dragon Boat Festival racing in Macau|t=端午節|s=端午节|p=Duānwǔ Jié|j=Dyun1 Ng5 Zit8|poj=toan-ngó͘-cheh|altname=Alternative Chinese name|t2=端陽|s2=端阳|p2=Duānyáng|j2=Dyun1 Yeong4|poj2=toan-iông}} |
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[[File:Zongzi.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Zongzi]]: Rice dumpling with red bean filling]] |
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The '''Duanwu Festival''' (also known [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]], where it is known by the Cantonese name '''Tuen Ng Jit'''. In 2008, the festival was restored in China as an official national holiday <ref> ''Decree of the State Council of the People's Republic of China'' (No.513) 2008. ([http://english.gov.cn/official/2008-01/22/content_865062.htm Index entry], State Council Gazette Issue 2 Serial No. 1253)</ref><ref>[http://english.gov.cn/2008-04/05/content_937087.htm Chinese mark first "official" Qingming]</ref>. The festival is also celebrated in countries with significant Chinese populations, such as in [[Singapore]] and [[Malaysia]]. Equivalent and related festivals outside Chinese-speaking societies include the [[Kodomo no hi]] in [[Japan]], [[Dano (Korean festival)|Dano]] in [[Korea]], and [[Tết Đoan Ngọ]] in [[Vietnam]]. |
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The festival occurs on the fifth day of the fifth month of the [[lunar calendar]] on which the [[Chinese calendar]] is based. This is the source of the alternative name of '''Double Fifth''' <ref>[http://tour.tncg.gov.tw/English/culture/ct01.asp?type=12 Double Fifth (Dragon Boat) Festival] for the name "Double Fifth"</ref>. In 2009 this falls on [[May 28]] and in 2010 on [[June 16]]. The focus of the celebrations includes eating ''[[zongzi]]'', which are large rice wraps, drinking [[realgar]] [[wine]], and racing [[dragon boat]]s. |
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In May 2009, the Chinese government nominated the festival for inclusion in [[UNESCO]]'s global "[[Intangible Cultural Heritage]]" list<ref>Intangible Cultural Heritage</ref>, partly in response to South Korea's successful nomination of the Dano festival in 2005 which China criticised as "cultural robbery"<ref>http://www.upiasia.com/Society_Culture/2009/05/28/squabbles_over_the_dragon_boat_festival/9624/</ref>. |
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==Etymology== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2008}} |
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In [[English language|English]] the holiday is referred to as "'''Dragon Boat Festival'''", after one of the traditional activities for the holiday. The literal translation of this term into Mandarin Chinese (''longzhou jie'') could refer to any [[dragon boat]]ing competition. A more accurate literal translation of "Duanwu" might be "''Solar Maximus'' Festival". |
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The Chinese terms used to refer to the festival, "duan wu" and "duan yang" (both double character expressions), refer to the summer [[solstice]], the longest day of the year in the northern hemisphere. The character ''yang'' signifies the sun, while the character ''wu'' refers to the sun's position at the meridian, its highest point in the sky (high noon). (The Mandarin terms ''Shangwu'' and ''Xiawu'' correspond to the expressions ''a.m.'' and ''p.m.'' (ante meridian and post meridian) while ''Zhongwu'' refers to noon or mid-day.) ''Duan'' carries the meaning of ''supreme''. |
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The actual Chinese Boat Festival was an rescue attempt mission to save the famous patriotic poet Qu Yuan. The races today are held to honor Qu Yuan who drowned on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. |
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People of China also throw rice into the river in which he died to keep the fish from eating his body. |
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==Date== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2008}} |
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Whereas the actual winter solstice is determined according to Gregorian calendar reckoning (where months have 30, 31, 28 or, in leap years, 29 days), duanwu is reckoned in accordance with calendars based on lunar months consisting of 29 or 30 days. For this reason the calendar date for duanwu - the fifth day of the fifth moon, or double fifth - drifts from year to year on the Gregorian (solar) calendar. Leap months are inserted periodically to keep the "year" based on 12 or 13 lunar months of 29 or 30 days in synchrony with the "year" based on 12 months of 28 – 31 days. ([[Lunar New Year]] and other traditional holidays also drift, with the exception of the [[Qingming Festival]] which is always at the beginning of April. More recent holidays commemorating events of national, historical or political importance, such as China's [[Double Eighth]] and Taiwan's [[Double Tenth Day|Double Tenth]] and [[228 Incident|2-28]], are pegged to the Gregorian solar calendar rather than more traditional lunar calendar. |
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The moon is considered to be at its strongest around the time of summer solstice ("mid-summer" in traditional Japan, but "beginning" of summer elsewhere) when the daylight in the northern hemisphere is the longest. ''Yang'' (sun), like ''long'' (the [[dragon]] of ancient [[myth]]), traditionally represents masculine energy, whereas ''yue'' (moon), like ''feng huang'' (the [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]] or [[firebird]]), traditionally represents feminine energy. Summer solstice is considered the peak annual moment of male energy while the winter solstice, the longest night of the year, represents the peak annual moment of feminine energy. The masculine image of the dragon is thus naturally associated with duanwu. (In Japan, the Double Fifth holiday was for centuries known as "boys' day", though the holiday has been known for the past 50 years or so as "children's day.") |
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In [[Taoism]] the familiar [[Yin-Yang]] (shadow-light, passive-active) duality seen in the [[Tai Chi Chuan|Taiji]] symbol expresses this traditional view of the duality of natural forces. The idea of opposed, interacting and ideally balanced forces is key in [[Traditional Chinese Medicine]] (TCM). The use of herbs and plants, realgar wine, mugwort, etc. to ensure balance and promote health during the summer festivities associated with duanwu reflects these concepts. |
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==History== |
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===Origins=== |
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The Duanwu Festival is believed to have originated in ancient [[China]]. A number of theories exist about its origins as a number of folk traditions and explanatory myths are connected to its observance. Today the best known of these relates to the suicide in 278 BC of [[Qu Yuan]], poet and statesman of the [[Chu (state)|Chu kingdom]] during the [[Warring States period]]. |
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===Qu Yuan=== |
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The best-known traditional story holds that the festival commemorates the death of poet [[Qu Yuan]] (c. 340 BC - 278 BC) of the ancient state of [[Chu (state)|Chu]], in the [[Warring States Period]] of the [[Zhou Dynasty]].<ref name="scmp1">SCMP. "[http://www.scmp.com/portal/site/SCMP/menuitem.2af62ecb329d3d7733492d9253a0a0a0/?vgnextoid=f1a731616886a110VgnVCM100000360a0a0aRCRD&ss=China&s=News SCMP]." ''Earthquake and floods make for muted festival.'' Retrieved on [[2008-06-09]].</ref> A descendant of the Chu royal house, Qu served in high offices. However, when the king decided to ally with the increasingly powerful [[Qin (state)|state of Qin]], Qu was banished for opposing the alliance. Qu Yuan was accused of [[treason]].<ref name="scmp1" /> During his exile, Qu Yuan wrote a great deal of poetry, for which he is now remembered. Twenty-eight years later, Qin conquered the Chu capital. In despair, Qu Yuan committed suicide by drowning himself in the [[Miluo River]] on the fifth day of the fifth month. |
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It is said that the local people, who admired him, threw food into the river to feed the fish so that they would not eat Qu Yuan's body.<ref name="scmp1" /> This is said to be the origin of ''[[zongzi]]''. The local people were also said to have paddled out on boats, either to scare the fish away or to retrieve his body. This is said to be the origin of [[dragon boat racing]]. |
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===Wu Zixu=== |
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Despite the modern popularity of the Qu Yuan origin theory, in the former territory of the state of [[Wu (state)|Wu]] the festival commemorated [[Wu Zixu]] (526 BC - 484 BC). Like Qu Yuan, Wu Zixu was a loyal advisor whose advice was ignored by the king to the detriment of the kingdom. Wu Zixu was forced to commit suicide by the king [[Fuchai]], with his body thrown into the river on the fifth day of the fifth month. After his death, Wu Zixu was revered as a river god. In places such as [[Suzhou]], in [[Jiangsu province]], Wu Zixu is remembered during the Duanwu Festival to this day. |
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===Pre-existing holiday=== |
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Some modern researchers suggest that the stories of Qu Yuan or Wu Zixu were superimposed on a pre-existing holiday tradition. The promotion of these stories over the earlier lore of the holiday seems to have been encouraged by [[Confucius|Confucian]] scholars seeking to legitimize and strengthen their influence at a time when [[Buddhism]], a foreign belief system, was gaining influence in China. The Records of the Grand Historian of that era relate to this.{{Clarify me|date=February 2009}} |
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Many traditional rituals of the Duanwu Festival emphasize the avoidance of disease. The desire to prevent health hazards associated with the mid-summer months may have been the primary original motive behind the holiday. |
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Another theory, advanced by [[Wen Yiduo]], is that the Duanwu Festival had its origins in [[Chinese dragon|dragon worship]]. Support is drawn from two key traditions of the festival: the tradition of ''[[zongzi]]'', or throwing food into the river, and dragon boat racing. The food may have originally represented an offering to the [[dragon king]], while dragon boat racing naturally reflects reverence of the dragon and the active ''yang'' energy associated with it. This combines with the tradition of visiting friends and family on boats. |
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Another suggestion is that the festival celebrates a widespread feature of east Asian agrarian societies: the harvest of winter wheat. Offerings were regularly made to deities and spirits at such times: in the ancient Yue, dragon kings; in the ancient Chu, Qu Yuan; in the ancient Wu, Wu Zixu (as a river god); in ancient Korea, mountain gods (see [[Dano (Korean festival)]]). As interactions between different regions increased, these similar festivals eventually merged into one holiday. |
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==Public holiday== |
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The festival was long marked as a holiday culturally in China. However, the [[People's Republic of China]] government, established in 1949, denied official recognition to traditional holidays such as Duanwu. Beginning in 2005 the government began to plan for the re-adoption of three traditional holidays, including Duanwu.<ref>People's Daily. "[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200506/25/eng20050625_192259.html Peopledaily]." ''China to revive traditional festivals to boost traditional culture.'' Retrieved on [[2008-06-09]].</ref> In 2008 Duanwu was celebrated as a public holiday in the [[People's Republic of China]] for the first time.<ref>Xinhua Net. "[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-06/08/content_8326884.htm Xinhuanet]." ''First day-off for China's Dragon Boat Festival helps revive tradition.'' Retrieved on [[2008-06-09]].</ref> |
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==Activities== |
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Three of the most widespread activities for the Duanwu Festival are eating (and preparing) ''[[zongzi]]'', an angular rice ball wrapped in reed or bamboo leaves; drinking [[realgar]] [[wine]], and racing [[dragon boat]]s. <ref>[http://www.asianweek.com/2008/10/02/dragon-boating-not-just-for-asians/ "Dragon Boating Not Just for Asians"]. [[AsianWeek]]. Retrieved on [[2008]]-[[10-03]].</ref> |
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Other common activities include hanging up icons of [[Zhong Kui]] (a mythic guardian figure), hanging up [[mugwort]] and [[calamus]], taking long walks, and wearing perfumed medicine bags. Other traditional activities include a game of making an egg stand at noon, and writing [[Magic (paranormal)|spells]]. All of these activities, together with the drinking of realgar wine, were regarded by the ancients as effective in preventing disease or evil and promoting health and well-being. |
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In the early years of the [[Republic of China]] period, Duan Wu was also celebrated as "Poets' Day," due to Qu Yuan's status as China's first poet of well renown. In modern Taiwan, ''zong zi'' is no longer thrown into rivers, but people still eat them as a holiday tradition and testament to Qu Yuan's self-determination. |
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==See also== |
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*[[Dano (Korean festival)|Dano]] |
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*[[Kodomo no hi]] |
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*[[Tết Đoan Ngọ]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.chinatownology.com/dragon_boat_festival.htm See original pictures of Qu Yuan's hometown (now submerged by waters of three gorges dam project) and his country capital] |
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*[http://dragonboatnet.com Dragon Boat Net, about the dragon boat sport and its tradition] |
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*[http://www.discoverhongkong.com/eng/heritage/festivals/he_fest_drag.jhtml More pictures on Hong Kong official tourism website about Dragon Boat Festival] |
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*[http://12hk.com/festivals/DragonBoat/DragonBoatFestival.html More pictures of Dragon Boat Festival] |
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*[http://www.dragonboatworldinternational.com Dragon Boat World Int. - the worlds dragon boat magazine] |
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[[Category:Chinese holidays]] |
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[[Category:Chinese calendars]] |
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[[Category:June observances]] |
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[[Category:Buddhist festivals]] |
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[[Category:Dragon boat racing]] |
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{{Link FA|id}} |
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[[af:Drakebootfees]] |
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[[zh-min-nan:Gō͘-ji̍t-cheh]] |
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[[cs:Festival dračích lodí]] |
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[[de:Drachenbootfest]] |
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[[fr:Fête des bateaux-dragons]] |
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[[id:Peh Cun]] |
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[[it:Festa delle barche drago]] |
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[[lt:Drakono valčių šventė]] |
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[[nl:Drakenbootfeest]] |
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[[ja:端午]] |
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[[ru:Праздник драконьих лодок]] |
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[[sk:Festival dračích lodí]] |
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[[fi:Lohikäärmeveneiden juhla]] |
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[[th:เทศกาลวันไหว้ขนมจ้าง]] |
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[[vi:Tết Đoan ngọ]] |
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[[zh-classical:端午]] |
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[[zh:端午节]] |
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