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{{short description|American rocket range}}
{{about|the U.S. rocket range}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name          = Eastern Range
| image              = File:Eastern Test Range - Emblem.png
| image_size         = 
| caption            = Emblem of the Eastern Test Range

| dates              = 1949–present
| country            = {{flagu|United States}}
| allegiance         = 
| branch             = [[United States Space Force]]
| type               = 
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| command_structure       = 
| current_commander       = 
| garrison                = 
| ceremonial_chief        = 
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| nickname           = 
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| battles            = 
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}}
{{United States space program sidebar}}

The '''Eastern Range (ER)''' is an American rocket range ([[Spaceport]]) that supports [[missile]] and [[rocket]] launches from the two major [[List of rocket launch sites|launch heads]] located at [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station]] and the [[Kennedy Space Center]] (KSC), [[Florida]].<ref name="ERcap"/>{{rp|5}}<ref name=ER>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/eastrang.htm |title=National Security Space Road Map: Eastern Range (U)|publisher=U.S. Air Force|date=July 12, 1999|access-date=February 10, 2008}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The range has also supported [[Ariane (rocket)|Ariane]] launches from the [[Guiana Space Centre]] as well as launches from the [[Wallops Flight Facility]] and other lead ranges.<ref name="ERcap"/>{{rp|7}} The range also uses instrumentation operated by [[NASA]] at Wallops and KSC.<ref name="ERcap"/>{{rp|12}}

The range can support launches between 37° and 114° [[azimuth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults/titleDetail/PB2005105397.xhtml|title=45th Space Wing/Patrick Air Force Base Launch Site Safety Assessment|work=National Technical Reports Library|publisher=Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)|pages=1–8|date=June 8, 2002|id=RTI/08087.002/TASK 1.2-06.0F}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The headquarters of the range is now the [[45th Space Wing]] at [[Patrick Space Force Base]].<ref name="ERcap"/>{{rp|1}}

== History ==
[[Image:AFG-060829-002.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|Eastern Test Range, circa 1957]]

The history of the Eastern Range began on 18 October 1940, with the activation of the [[Patrick Space Force Base|Banana River Naval Air Station]] which supported antisubmarine sea-patrol planes during [[World War II]]. The station was deactivated and put into a caretaker status on 1 September 1947.<ref name="ERcap"/>{{rp|5}}<ref name=fs-evo-45th>{{cite web |url=http://www.patrick.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4514|title=Fact Sheet: Evolution of the 45th Space Wing|publisher=U.S. Air Force|date=August 29, 2006|access-date=June 2, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613181155/http://www.patrick.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4514|archive-date=June 13, 2011}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

Launches of captured German [[V-2 rocket|V-2 rockets]] had been ongoing since the end of World War II at [[White Sands Missile Range|White Sands Proving Grounds]] in [[New Mexico]], but it became clear that a much longer range away from heavily populated areas would be needed.<ref name=ch2>{{cite report|chapter-url=http://www.spaceline.org/capehistory/2a.html|chapter=Chapter 2: The Missile Range Takes Shape (1949-1958)|title=The History of Cape Canaveral|publisher=Spaceline|last=Lethbridge|first=Keith|date=2000|access-date=February 24, 2008}}</ref> The [[Joint Research and Development Board]] established the Committee on the Long Range Proving Ground in October 1946 to study locations for such a range, with three potential sites emerging: along the northern coast of [[Washington (state)|Washington state]] with a range along the [[Aleutian Islands]]; [[El Centro, California]], with a range along the [[Baja California Peninsula]]; and [[Patrick Space Force Base|Banana River Naval Air Station]] with a launch site at [[Cape Canaveral]] and a range over the [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]] and into the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref name=fs-evo-45th/><ref name=ch2/> The Washington site was quickly discarded due to difficulties with support due to cold weather and remoteness.<ref name=fs-evo-45th/> El Centro was put forth as the primary choice (due to being close to missile manufacturers) with the Cape as second choice.<ref name=fs-evo-45th/><ref name=ch2/> However, the El Centro site had to be abandoned after a wayward V-2 missile from [[White Sands Missile Range|White Sands]] crashed into a cemetery in [[Ciudad Juárez|Juarez]], [[Mexico]], leading to then Mexican President [[Miguel Alemán Valdés]] refusing to allow missiles to overfly Baja.<ref name=fs-evo-45th/><ref name=ch2/>

The [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] transferred the Banana River Naval Air Station to the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] on 1 September 1948,<ref name=fs-evo-45th/> and it remained on standby status. On 11 May 1949, [[Harry S. Truman|President Truman]] signed Public Law 60 which established the [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station|Joint Long Range Proving Ground Base]].<ref name=fs-evo-45th/><ref name=ch2/><ref name=workstop>{{cite web|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19670030427.pdf|title=Chronology of work stoppages and related events, KSC NASA and AFETR, through July 1965 |publisher=NASA/Kennedy Space Center|first=George V.|last=Hanna III|date=October 1965|id=NASA-TM-X-60558}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> On 10 June 1949, the Banana River Naval Air Station was redesignated the Joint Long Range Proving Ground Base and Advance Headquarters, Joint Long Range Proving Ground and the Air Force Division, Joint Long Range Proving Ground was established.<ref name=fs-evo-45th/><ref name=ch2/><ref name=workstop/> On 16 May 1950 and 17 May 1950, range and base dropped the "Joint" in their names due to a [[United States Department of Defense|DoD]] decision earlier in the year to put the range exclusively under U. S. Air Force jurisdiction.<ref name=fs-evo-45th/><ref name=workstop/> On 24 July 1950, Bumper #8 became the first missile to launch from the Cape Canaveral.<ref name=ch2/><ref name=workstop/>

[[File:TuckerValleyTrackingStation Trinidad.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|right|A former tracking station antenna located in [[Trinidad]].]]

The Long Range Proving Ground Base was renamed [[Patrick Space Force Base|Patrick Air Force Base]] on 1 August 1950, in honor of Major General [[Mason Patrick|Mason M. Patrick]] and the following year, on 30 June 1951, the Joint Long Range Proving Ground Division became the [[45th Space Wing|Air Force Missile Test Center]] and the Joint Long Range Proving Ground became the [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station |Florida Missile Test Range]] (FMTR).<ref name=fs-evo-45th/><ref name=ch2/><ref name=workstop/> These would not be the only name changes for the range or the agency that controlled it. The Florida Missile Test Range was renamed the Atlantic Missile Range (AMR)<ref name=fs-evo-45th/><ref name=ch2/><ref name=workstop/> in 1958 and the Eastern Test Range in 1964;<ref name=ch3>{{cite report|chapter-url=http://www.spaceline.org/capehistory/3a.html|chapter=Chapter 3: NASA Arrives (1959-Present)|title=The History of Cape Canaveral|publisher=Spaceline|last=Lethbridge|first=Keith|date=2000|access-date=August 23, 2009}}</ref> the Air Force Missile Test Center was redesignated the [[45th Space Wing|Air Force Eastern Test Range]] (AFETR) in 1964,<ref name=fs-evo-45th/><ref name=workstop/><ref name=ch3/> then control of the range was transferred to Detachment 1 of the Space and Missile Test Center located at [[Vandenberg Air Force Base]] when AFETR was deactivated on 1 February 1977, which put both the Eastern and Western ranges under the same leadership.<ref name=fs-evo-45th/><ref name=ch3/> On 1 October 1979, control of the range passed to the newly activated [[45th Space Wing|Eastern Space and Missile Center]] (ESMC).<ref name=fs-evo-45th/><ref name=ch3/> The ESMC was transferred from [[Air Force Systems Command]] to [[Air Force Space Command]] on 10 October 1990; finally, on 12 November 1991, the [[45th Space Wing]] was activated and assumed operational control for the range from ESMC;<ref name=fs-evo-45th/><ref name=ch3/> on the same day the Eastern Test Range became the Eastern Range.<ref name=ERcap/>{{rp|5}} The transition on the west coast occurred one week later on 19 November 1991, when the Western Space and Missile Center became the [[30th Space Wing]] and the [[Western Range (USSF)|Western Test Range]] became the [[Western Launch and Test Range|Western Range]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vandenberg.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4606|title=Fact Sheet: History Office|publisher=U.S. Air Force|author=30th Space Wing Public Affairs|access-date=August 24, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214073940/http://www.vandenberg.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4606|archive-date=December 14, 2008}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.titan-ii.com/VAFB.html|title=Vandenberg AFB|website=Titan-II.com|access-date=August 24, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820065302/http://www.titan-ii.com/VAFB.html|archive-date=August 20, 2008}}</ref>

In 2014, [[Raytheon Technologies]] won a contract to operate the Western and Eastern Ranges for the next 10 years through their subsidiary [[Range Generation Next]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://spacenews.com/42473raytheon-team-wins-2-billion-air-force-range-support-contract/|title=Raytheon Team Wins US$2 billion Air Force Range Support Contract|publisher=SpaceNews|first=Mike|last=Gruss |date=6 November 2014|access-date=25 January 2018}}</ref>

In February 2017, [[SpaceX]]'s [[SpaceX CRS-10|CRS-10]] launch was the "first operational use"<ref name="pararc20170226">{{cite news|url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2017/02/26/air-force-eastern-range-innovates-autonomous-flight-safety-system/|title=Air Force Eastern Range Innovates With Autonomous Flight Safety System|publisher=Parabolic Arc|first=Doug|last=Messier|date=26 February 2017|access-date=20 March 2017}}</ref> of the [[Range safety|Autonomous Flight Safety System]] (AFSS) on "either of [[Air Force Space Command]]{{'s}} Eastern or [[Western Range (USSF)|Western Range]]s".<ref name="patrick20170219">{{cite web |url=http://www.patrick.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1088279/45th-sw-supports-spacexs-crs-10-launch|title=45th SW supports SpaceX's CRS-10 launch|publisher=United States Air Force|work=45th Space Wing Public Affairs|date=19 February 2017|access-date=16 March 2017}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The following SpaceX flight, [[EchoStar|EchoStar 23]] in March 2017, was the last SpaceX launch utilizing the historic system of ground radars, tracking computers, and personnel in launch bunkers that had been used for over sixty years for all launches from the Eastern Range.<ref name="patrick20170316">{{cite web |url=http://www.patrick.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1120143/45th-sw-supports-successful-falcon-9-echostar-xxiii-launch|title=45th SW supports successful Falcon 9 EchoStar XXIII launch|publisher=United States Air Force|work=45th Space Wing Public Affairs|date=16 March 2017|access-date=20 March 2017}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> For all future SpaceX launches, AFSS has replaced "the ground-based mission flight control personnel and equipment with on-board Positioning, Navigation and Timing sources and decision logic. The benefits of AFSS include increased public safety, reduced reliance on range infrastructure, reduced range spacelift cost, increased schedule predictability and availability, operational flexibility, and launch slot flexibility".<ref name="patrick20170219"/><ref name="nsf20170320">{{cite news |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/03/air-force-reveals-48-launches-year-cape/|title=Air Force reveals plan for up to 48 launches per year from Cape Canaveral|publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com|first=Chris |last=Gebhardt|date=20 March 2017|access-date=30 March 2017}}</ref>

In 2017, the Eastern Range suffered two hurricanes which caused extensive damage and only allowed 19 launches that year.<ref name=SN-Feb2018>[https://spacenews.com/as-space-launch-business-heats-up-in-florida-air-force-commander-wayne-monteith-tries-to-break-records/ ''As space launch business heats up in Florida, Air Force commander Wayne Monteith tries to break records'' February 2018]</ref>

By 2017, the Eastern Range had upgraded their legacy operational processes and equipment to be able to support a much faster cadence of rocket launches for SpaceX AFTS-controlled rocket launches, but they did not use the capability when an opportunity arose to increase range launch cadence in October 2018. The first planned use of the more rapid cadence was in August 2019.<ref name=nsf20190806>{{cite news |last=Gebhardt|first=Chris |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/08/amos-17-ready-for-launch-will-debut-eastern-ranges-rapid-launch-support/ |title=AMOS-17 ready for launch, will debut Eastern Range's rapid launch support|publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com|date=6 August 2019|access-date=6 August 2019|quote=''the Range's new ability to support two Falcon 9 missions within 16 to 18 hours of each other and three launches off the Eastern Range within 36 hours (provided two of those launches were on SpaceX vehicles thanks to their Autonomous Flight Termination Systems)''}}</ref>

{{asof|2019}}, the range said that it could "support up to 48 launches per year from Florida" with an "eventual goal [to] get to a capability to launch two different rockets within 24 hours".<ref name=nsf20190806/>

== Launch statistics ==
By year:
* 2016: 23 launches <ref name=SN-Feb2018/>
* 2017: 19 launches <ref name=SN-Feb2018/> - 2 hurricanes
* 2018: 34 scheduled <ref name=SN-Feb2018/>{{update after|2019|01}}
* 2019: ?
* 2020: ?
* 2021: ?
* 2022: 57
* 2023: 72
In early 2018, the plan was to get to 48 launches a year<ref name="nsf20170320"/> by about 2023.<ref name=SN-Feb2018/>

== Location ==
The range starts at the launch pads at [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station]] and [[Kennedy Space Center|John F. Kennedy Space Center]] and extends eastward over the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to [[90th meridian east |90° East longitude]]<ref name="89asses">{{cite report|url=http://www.fas.org/spp/military/facility/western.pdf|title=Baseline Assessment, Western Space and Missile Center|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation|work=Research Triangle Institute, Center for Systems Engineering|first1=Loyd C.|last1=Parker|first2=Jerry D.|last2=Watson|first3=James F.|last3=Stephenson|date=July 1989|id=RTI/4028/01-02F}}</ref>{{rp|10}} in the [[Indian Ocean]], where it meets the [[Western Range (USSF)|Western Range]].<ref name=ERcap>{{cite report|chapter-url=http://www.fas.org/spp/military/facility/99mar_ccas_1.pdf|chapter=Section 1.0, Eastern Range, General Range Capabilities|title=45th Space Wing/Patrick Air Force Base, Launch Site Safety Assessment|publisher=Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)|work=Research Triangle Institute, Center for Aerospace Technology|date=March 1999|id=RTI/6462/219-01F|access-date=23 August 2008|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021230854/http://www.fas.org/spp/military/facility/99mar_ccas_1.pdf|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>{{rp|5}}<ref name="89asses"/>{{rp|10}}

The range consists of a chain of shore and sea-based tracking sites. "By January 1960, the Eastern Range included 13 major stations, approximately 91 outlying sites, a fleet of ships and three marine support stations. By September 1963, the Eastern Range extended around the [[Cape of Good Hope|tip of South Africa]] to the island of [[Mahé, Seychelles]] in the [[Indian Ocean]]".<ref name=devER>{{cite web |url=http://www.patrick.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4516|title=Fact Sheet: Development of the 45SW Eastern Range|publisher=U.S. Air Force|access-date=January 12, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825163815/http://www.patrick.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4516|archive-date=August 25, 2010}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Much of the sea-based tracking and many of the land based stations have been replaced by space based tracking, including the present [[Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System]] (TDRSS).

Ground stations associated with the range are located at:
* [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station]], [[Florida]] {{Coord|28|29|03|N|080|34|21|W|name=Cape Canaveral AFS}}
* [[Kennedy Space Center|John F. Kennedy Space Center]], Florida
* [[Jupiter Auxiliary Air Force Base]], Florida: 1950s
: Located in what is now [[Jupiter Inlet Light|Jupiter Inlet Lighthouse Outstanding Natural Area]]
* [[Jonathan Dickinson Missile Tracking Annex]] (JDMTA): 1987–present
: Located in the southern end of [[Jonathan Dickinson State Park]] {{Coord|26|58|57.6|N|080|06|29.7|W|name=JDMTA}} <ref name="devER"/>
* [[Antigua Auxiliary Air Force Base]] {{when|date=January 2014}}
: Located on the former [[V. C. Bird International Airport|Coolidge Air Force Base]], [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda]]
: Now: {{when|date=January 2014}} [[45th Operations Group|Antigua Air Station]] {{Coord|17|08|14|N|061|46|33|W|name=Antigua AS}}
* [[Ascension Auxiliary Air Force Base]] {{when|date=January 2014}}
: Now: {{when|date=January 2014}} [[RAF Ascension Island]] {{Coord|07|58|20|S|014|24|01|W|name=RAF Ascension Island}}
* [[Argentia|Argentia, Newfoundland]] on the grounds of the decommissioned Argentia US Navy Facility (NAVFAC) which is manned on an "as needed" basis for northerly launches {{Coord|47|17|28|N|053|59|30|W|name=Argentia TS}} <ref name=ERcap/>{{rp|12–13}}

Major decommissioned {{when|date=January 2014}}<!-- when were each of these stations decommissioned? --> stations associated with the range are located at:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforcebase.net/usaf/joeslist.html#8.%20Auxiliary%20Air%20Force%20bases|title=Joe McCusker's Air Force Base List {{!}} 8. Auxiliary Air Force bases|website=airforcebase.net|first=Joseph|last=McCusker|date=2004|access-date=September 1, 2019|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200104/http://www.airforcebase.net/usaf/joeslist.html#8.%20Auxiliary%20Air%20Force%20bases|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patrick.af.mil/shared/media/ggallery/hires/AFG-060829-002.jpg|title=Air Force Missile Test Center (historical map)|publisher=U.S. Air Force|date=October 1957|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927073914/http://www.patrick.af.mil/shared/media/ggallery/hires/AFG-060829-002.jpg|archive-date=September 27, 2011}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
* [[Grand Bahama Auxiliary Air Force Base]] {{Coord|26|34|27|N|078|39|53|W|name=Grand Bahama AAFB}}
: Located near: Gold Rock Creek, [[Grand Bahama|Grand Bahama Island]], [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]]
* [[Eleuthera Auxiliary Air Force Base]] {{Coord|25|12|45|N|076|15|22|W|name=Eleuthera AAFB}}
: Located near: [[Governor's Harbour Airport|Governor's Harbor]], [[Eleuthera|Eleuthera Island]], Bahamas
* [[San Salvador Auxiliary Air Force Base]] {{Coord|24|03|42|N|074|32|01|W|name=San Salvador AAFB}}
: Located near: [[Cockburn Town, Bahamas|Cockburntown]], [[San Salvador Island]], Bahamas
* [[Mayaguana Auxiliary Air Force Base]] {{Coord|22|23|29|N|073|00|10|W|name=Mayaguana AAFB}}
: Located near: [[Abraham's Bay]], [[Mayaguana|Mayaguana Island]], Bahamas

{{Col-break|width=50%}}
* [[Grand Turk Auxiliary Air Force Base]] {{Coord|21|26|53|N|071|08|48|W|name=Grand Turk AAFB}}
: Located near: [[Cockburn Town]], [[Grand Turk Island]], [[Turks and Caicos Islands]]
* [[Dominican Republic Auxiliary Air Force Base]] {{Coord|19|03|35|N|069|22|54|W|name=Dominican Republic AAFB}}
: Located near: [[Sabana de la Mar|Sabena de la Mar]], [[Dominican Republic]]
* [[Mayaguez Auxiliary Air Force Base]] {{Coord|18|09|53|N|067|10|54|W|name=Mayaguez AAFB}}
: Located near: [[Mayagüez, Puerto Rico]]
* [[Saint Lucia Auxiliary Air Force Base]] {{Coord|13|47|10|N|060|53|52|W|name=St. Lucia AAFB}}
: Located at the easternmost point of [[Saint Lucia]]
{{col-end}}

== Airborne and sea-based tracking assets ==
The [[Missile Impact Location System]] (MILS) was established in the then Atlantic Missile Range (AMR) from 1958 through 1960. The system was developed by [[AT&T Corporation|American Telephone and Telegraph Company]] (AT&T), with its [[Bell Labs|Bell Laboratories]] research and [[Western Electric]] manufacturing elements and was to an extent based on the company's technology and experience developing and deploying the U.S. Navy's then classified [[SOSUS|Sound Surveillance System]] (SOSUS). The company and Navy assets that had installed the first phase of SOSUS, starting in 1951, were engaged on MILS installation and activation.{{sfn|Baker|1961|p=196}}{{sfn|ICAA|2010}}{{sfn|Bell Telephone System|1961|p=8}}

Atlantic MILS target arrays, intended to precisely locate nose cone splashdown and then nose cone location on the bottom, were located down range from [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station|Cape Canaveral]] about {{cvt|1300|km}} at [[Grand Turk Island]], {{cvt|2400|km}} at [[Antigua]] and {{cvt|8100|km}} at [[Ascension Island]].{{sfn|Cone|1976|p=1-1}} The range managed the fixed transponders for Sonobuoy MILS (SMILS), exclusively used by the [[United States Navy Special Projects Office|United States Navy Strategic Systems Project Office]] supporting the Navy's [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile|fleet ballistic missile programs]]. Much of that system's exact details were classified.{{sfn|Cone|1976|p=p=2-74 — 2-76}}

As recently as July 2007, [[NASA]] spacecraft such as [[Dawn (spacecraft)|Dawn]] have depended upon the availability of airborne and sea-based tracking assets associated with the East Range to monitor launch and ascent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/jul/HQ_M07083_Dawn_postpone2.html|title=Dawn Launch Moves to No Earlier Than Monday July 9|publisher=NASA|first1=Tabatha|last1=Thompson |first2=George|last2=Diller|date=July 6, 2007|id=NASA M07-083}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>{{update after|2014|1|9}}<!-- the prose seems to imply that the last spacecraft or launch to require the services of the range was in 2007? but I believe MANY subsequent launches use the ER facilities, and for commercial launches, pay for the services asked for. -->

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Ascension Island]]
* {{annotated link|DAMP Project}}
* {{annotated link|Missile Test Project}}
* [[Pacific Missile Range Facility]]
* [[Pan American Airways Guided Missile Range Division]]
* [[List of ships of the United States Air Force]]
* [[Western Range (USSF)|Western Launch and Test Range]]
* {{annotated link|Tracking ship|Missile Range Instrumentation Ship}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite magazine|last=Baker|first=H. H.|date=June 1961|title=Missile Impact Locating System|magazine=Bell Laboratories Record|volume=39|issue=6|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Bell-Laboratories-Record/60s/Bell-Laboratories-Record-1961-06.pdf|access-date=12 September 2020}}

* {{cite magazine|last=Bell Telephone System|date=July 1961|title=How the ocean grew "ears" to pinpoint missile shots (advertisement)|magazine=Air Force and Space Digest|volume=44|issue=7|page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PG2k1YOFsbMC&pg=PA8|access-date=12 September 2020}}

* {{cite book|last=Cone|first=Bruce E.|date=1 July 1976|title=The United States Air Force Eastern Test Range — Range Instrumentation Handbook|location=Patrick Air Force Base, Florida|publisher=Eastern Test Range, Directorate of Range Operations|pages=1-1, 2-73 — 2-76|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a029237.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227011625/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a029237.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=27 February 2021|access-date=12 September 2020}}

* {{cite news|last1=Gruss|first1=Mike|title=Raytheon Team Wins US$2 Billion Air Force Range Support Contract|url=http://spacenews.com/42473raytheon-team-wins-2-billion-air-force-range-support-contract/ |work=SpaceNews|date=April 6, 2015|access-date=April 8, 2015}}

* {{cite web|last=ICAA|year=2010|title=Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) History 1950 - 2010|publisher=IUSS/CAESAR Alumni Association|url=http://www.iusscaa.org/history.htm|access-date=12 September 2020}}

* {{cite web|url=http://kscsma.ksc.nasa.gov/Range_Safety/Annual_Report/2007/PrintPages/RangeSafetyReportnoImages.pdf|title=2007 NASA Range Safety Annual Report|publisher=NASA|date=2007|access-date=August 7, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911002405/http://kscsma.ksc.nasa.gov/Range_Safety/Annual_Report/2007/PrintPages/RangeSafetyReportnoImages.pdf|archive-date=September 11, 2008|url-status=dead}}
{{refend}}

{{Spaceport}}
{{US Proving Grounds}}

[[Category:Rocket launch sites in the United States]]
[[Category:Cape Canaveral Space Force Station]]
[[Category:Guided missiles]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in Florida]]