Echinometra viridis
| Echinometra viridis | |
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| Echinometra viridis | |
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| Species: | E. viridis
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| Binomial name | |
| Echinometra viridis A. Agassiz, 1863 [1]
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Echinometra viridis, the reef urchin, is a species of sea urchin in the family Echinometridae. It is found on reefs in very shallow parts of the western Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.
Description
The reef urchin has an elliptical reddish brown test (shell) covered with medium length spines. These are greenish in colour with paler bases and darker, often violet, tips. This urchin grows to a diameter of 5 centimetres (2.0 in) with the longest spines being 3 centimetres (1.2 in).[2] It looks very similar to the rock-boring urchin Echinometra lucunter, but the dark tips and the greater length of the spines are distinctive.[3]
Distribution
The reef urchin is found on reefs in the Caribbean Sea from southern Florida to Venezuela at depths down to about 15 metres (49 ft). It is not as common as the rock-boring urchin and seems to be absent from the West Indies to the east of the Virgin Islands.[3]
Biology
The reef urchin conceals itself in crevices or under boulders. It emerges at night to feed by grazing on algae with its five teeth, part of the Aristotle's lantern organ that surrounds its mouth.[4] It is not believed to bore holes, but its grazing still causes bioerosion in reefs.[5] In Panama, breeding takes place during the period April to December. It does not seem to be correlated with the phases of the moon as in some other sea urchin species.[6] Fertilisation is external and the echinopluteus larvae are planktonic. When these settle, they undergo a rapid metamorphosis into juvenile sea urchins.[4]
Researchers have studied the likely effect on the reef urchin of a rise in the carbon dioxide levels which are likely to increase ocean acidification by the end of the 21st century. It was found that the urchins would be negatively impacted because of decreased calcification, lowering their ability to build their tests, especially during winter and in the more northerly parts of their range.[7]
Ecology
The reef urchin is an important grazer on fleshy algae in the Caribbean area. Its abundance is reduced by predation by fish, especially the jolthead porgy (Calamus bajonado), the queen triggerfish (Balistes vetula), the ocean triggerfish (Canthidermis sufflamen) and the hogfish (Lachnolaimus maximus). Because of this predation, the reef urchin avoids open reef flats and in these locations there is an overgrowth of fleshy algae. It is unable to take over the algal controlling role of the black sea urchin (Diadema antillarum) which is subject to great fluctuations in population.[8]
References
- ^ a b Kroh, Andreas (2010). Kroh A, Mooi R (eds.). "Echinometra viridis A. Agassiz, 1863". World Echinoidea Database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2012-09-18.
- ^ "Green urchin (Echinometra viridis)". Interactive Guide to Caribbean Diving. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ a b Colin, Patrick L. (1978). Marine Invertebrates and Plants of the Living Reef. T.F.H. Publications. pp. 422–423. ISBN 0-86622-875-6.
- ^ a b Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991). Zoology. Saunders College Publishing. p. 788. ISBN 0-03-030504-7.
- ^ Wisshak, Max; Leif Tapanila (2008). Current Developments in Bioerosion. Springer. p. 281. ISBN 3540775978.
- ^ "Echinometra viridis A. Agassiz, 1863". Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ Courtney, T.; Westfield I.; Ries J. B. (2012). "Echinometra viridis exhibits seasonal response in calcification rates to predicted end of 21st century CO2-induced ocean acidification". Ocean acidification. EPOCA. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|last-author-amp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ McClanahan, T. R. (1999). "Predation and the Control of the Sea Urchin Echinometra viridis and Fleshy Algae in the Patch Reefs of Glovers Reef, Belize". Ecosystems. 2 (6): 511–523. doi:10.1007/s100219900099.