El Salvador: Difference between revisions
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{{dablink|This article is about the country in the [[Americas]]; for other uses, see [[El Salvador (disambiguation)]].}} |
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{{Infobox Country |
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|native_name = República de El Salvador |
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|conventional_long_name = Republic of El Salvador |
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|common_name = El Salvador |
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|image_flag = Flag of El Salvador.svg |
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|image_coat = El Salvador COA.svg |
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|image_map = LocationElSalvador.svg |
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|national_motto = ''"Dios, Unión, Libertad"''{{spaces|2}}<small>([[Spanish language|Spanish]])<br/>"God, Union, Liberty"</small> |
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|national_anthem = ''[[Himno Nacional de El Salvador]]'' |
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|official_languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
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|demonym = Salvadorean |
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|capital = [[San Salvador]] |
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|latd=13 |latm=40 |latNS=N |longd=89 |longm=10 |longEW=W |
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|largest_city = capital |
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|government_type = [[Presidential system|Presidential republic]] |
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|leader_title1 = [[President of El Salvador|President]] |
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|leader_name1 = [[Antonio Saca]] |
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|sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] |
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|established_event1 = from [[Spain]] |
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|established_date1 = [[September 15]], [[1821]] |
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|established_event2 = from the [[Central American Federation|UPCA]] |
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|established_date2 = [[1842]] |
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|area_rank = |
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|area_magnitude = 1 E8 |
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|area_km2 = 21,040 |
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|area_sq_mi = 8,124 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |
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|percent_water = 1.4 |
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|population_estimate = 6,600,000 |
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|population_estimate_rank = 97th |
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|population_census = 5,118,598 |
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|population_census_year = 1992 |
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|population_census = 6,600,000 |
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|population_census_year = 2007 |
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|population_density_km2 = 318.7 |
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|population_density_sq_mi = 823.6 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |
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|population_density_rank = 23rd |
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|population_infantmortality_rate = 24.4/1000 |
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|population_birth_rate = 26.6/1000 |
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|GDP_PPP = $38.617 billion |
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|GDP_PPP_rank = 89th |
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|GDP_PPP_year = 2006 |
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|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,600 |
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|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 103rd |
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|Gini = 52.4 |
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|Gini_year = 2002 |
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|Gini_category = <font color="#e0584e">high</font> |
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|HDI = {{increase}} 0.735 |
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|HDI_rank = 103th |
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|HDI_year = 2007 |
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|HDI_category = <font color="#ffcc00">medium</font> |
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|currency = [[United States dollar]] ($) <small>(2001–present)</small><sup>2</sup> |
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|currency_code = USD "$" |
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|country_code = |
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|time_zone = |
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|utc_offset = -6 |
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|time_zone_DST = |
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|utc_offset_DST = |
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|cctld = [[.sv]] |
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|calling_code = 503 |
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|calling_code_note = <sup>1</sup> |
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|footnote1 = Telephone companies (market share): Tigo (45%), Claro (25%), Movistar (24%), Digicel (5.5%), Red (0.5%). |
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|footnote2 = The [[United States dollar]] is the currency in use. Financial information can be expressed in US Dollars and in [[Salvadoran colón]], but it is out of circulation. http://www.bcr.gob.sv/ingles/integracion/ley.html |
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}} |
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'''El Salvador''' (República de El Salvador) is a country in [[Central America]], Originally called by The Pipilt (Mayan People) '''"Cuzhcatl",''' in Spanish “Cuzcatlan” which in [[Nahuatl]] means “The Land Of Precious Things”. |
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After the Spanish conquest the land was baptized by Spanish conquistadors as '''“Provincia De Nuestro Señor Jesucristo El Salvador Del Mundo”''', (“Province Of Our Lord Jesus Christ, The Savior Of The World”) Now just abbreviated “Republica de El Salvador”. |
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The country borders the [[Pacific Ocean]] between [[Guatemala]] and [[Honduras]]. With a population of approximately more than 6 million people, the small nation is undergoing rapid [[industrialization]]. |
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==History == |
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{{main|History of El Salvador}} |
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In the early sixteenth century, the Spanish [[conquistador]]es ventured into ports to extend their dominion to the area that would be known as El Salvador. They were firmly resisted by the Pipil and their remaining [[Mayan languages|Mayan-speaking]] neighbors. Pedro de Alvarado, a lieutenant of Hernan Cortés, led the first effort by Spanish forces in June 1524. |
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The people defeated the Spaniards and forced them to withdraw to Guatemala. Two subsequent expeditions took place --the first in 1525, followed by a smaller group in 1528-- to bring the Pipil under Spanish rule.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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Towards the end of [[1810]], a combination of external and internal factors allowed Central American élites to attempt to gain independence from the Spanish crown. The internal factors were mainly the interest the élites had in controlling the territories they owned without involvement from Spanish authorities. The external factors were the success of the French and American revolutions in the eighteenth century and the weakening of the military power of the Spanish crown because of its wars against Napoleonic [[France]]. The independence movement was consolidated on [[November 5]] [[1811]], when the Salvadoran priest, [[Jose Matias Delgado]], sounded the bells of the Iglesia La Merced in San Salvador, making a call for the insurrection. After many years of internal fights, the ''Acta de Independencia'' (Act of Independence) of Central America was signed in Guatemala on [[September 15]], [[1821]].When these provinces were joined with Mexico in early 1822, El Salvador resisted, insisting on autonomy for the Central American countries. |
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In 1823, the [[United Provinces of Central America]] was formed by the five [[Central America]]n states under General [[Manuel José Arce]]. When this federation was dissolved in 1838, El Salvador became an independent [[republic]]. El Salvador's early history as an independent state was marked by frequent revolutions. |
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From 1872 to 1898, El Salvador was a prime mover in attempts to reestablish an isthmian [[federation]]. The governments of El Salvador, [[Honduras]], and [[Nicaragua]] formed the [[Greater Republic of Central America]] via the Pact of [[Amapala]] in 1895. Although [[Guatemala]] and [[Costa Rica]] considered joining the Greater Republic (which was rechristened the [[United States of Central America]] when its constitution went into effect in 1898), neither country joined. This union, which had planned to establish its capital city at [[Amapala]] on the [[Golfo de Fonseca]], did not survive a seizure of power in El Salvador in 1898. |
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The enormous profits that [[coffee]] yielded as a monoculture export served as an impetus for the process whereby land became concentrated in the hands of an [[oligarchy]] of few families. A succession of [[president]]s from the ranks of the Salvadoran oligarchy, nominally both [[Conservatism|conservative]] and [[Liberalism|liberal]], throughout the last half of the nineteenth century generally agreed on the promotion of coffee as the predominant [[cash crop]], on the development of [[infrastructure]] ([[railroad]]s and [[sea port|port facilities]]) primarily in support of the coffee trade, on the elimination of communal landholdings to facilitate further coffee production, on the passage of anti-[[vagrancy]] laws to ensure that displaced [[campesino]]s and other rural residents provided sufficient [[labour (economics)|labour]] for the coffee fincas ([[plantation]]s), and on the suppression of rural discontent. In 1912, the national guard was created as a rural police force. |
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The coffee industry grew inexorably in El Salvador. As a result the élite provided the bulk of the government's financial support through [[International trade|import]] [[duty|duties]] on goods imported with the foreign [[currency|currencies]] that coffee sales earned. This support, coupled with the humbler and more mundane mechanisms of [[political corruption|corruption]], ensured the coffee growers of overwhelming influence within the [[government]]. |
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El Salvador's early history as an independent state was marked by frequent revolutions; not until the period 1900-30 was relative stability achieved. The economic élite, based on agriculture and some mining, ruled the country in conjunction with the military. |
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The economy, based on coffee-growing after the mid-19th century, as the world market for indigo withered away, prospered or suffered as the world coffee price fluctuated. From 1931--the year of the coup in which Gen. [[Maximiliano Hernández Martínez]] came to power until he was deposed in 1944 there was brutal suppression of rural resistance. The most notable event was the 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising, commonly referred to as [[1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising|La Matanza]] (the massacre), headed by [[Farabundo Martí]] and the retaliation led by Martínez's government, in which approximately 30,000 indigenous people and political opponents were murdered, imprisoned or exiled. Until 1980, all but one Salvadoran temporary president was an army officer. Periodic presidential elections were seldom free or fair and an oligarchy in alliance with military forces ruled the nation. As in many Latin American countries, this inequality led to peasant opposition to the oligarchy. The result was the [[Salvadoran Civil War]] (1979-1991), largely a peasant revolution. Atrocities of the Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA, or [[Nationalist Republican Alliance]]) government, such as the [[El Mozote massacre]], and the murder of Catholic missionaries and other religious aid workers, such as [[Jean Donovan]], by death squads linked to the government caused international outrage. In 1984 international observers saw centrist [[Napoleon Duarte]] elected president in popular elections which were violently boycotted by members of the opposition. Despite the peace-making efforts of the democratic government, the peasant revolution continued until the peace accords were signed in January 1991. The different factions of the guerrillas formed the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional party (FMLN) in order to seek office through democratic elections. Since then, the FMLN has gradually gained representation, particularly in the Legislative Assembly and local governments. Meanwhile, the conservative Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA) party has won every presidential election and remained the most favored political force. {{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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In 1998, El Salvador became one of three Latin-American countries where [[Abortion in El Salvador|abortion]] is illegal with no exceptions, along with [[Chile]] and [[Nicaragua]]. |
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==Politics== |
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{{main|Politics of El Salvador}} |
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The political framework of El Salvador is a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]] with a multiform multi-party system. The [[President of El Salvador]], currently [[Antonio Saca]], is both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]]. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the [[government]] and the [[Legislative Assembly of El Salvador|Legislative Assembly]]. The [[Judiciary]] branch is independent of the executive and the legislative branches. |
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== Departments and municipalities == |
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{{see also|List of cities in El Salvador}} |
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[[Image:El Salvador departments numbered.png|thumb|Departments of El Salvador]] |
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El Salvador is divided into 14 [[Departments of El Salvador|departments]] (''departamentos''), which, in turn, are subdivided into 267 [[Municipalities of El Salvador|municipalities]] (''municipios''). |
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Department names and abbreviations for the 14 Salvadoran Departments: |
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<div style="font-size:8pt"> |
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{{col-begin}} |
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{{col-break}} |
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*'''AH''' [[Ahuachapán Department|Ahuachapán]] |
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*'''CA''' [[Cabañas Department|Cabañas]] |
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*'''CH''' [[Chalatenango Department|Chalatenango]] |
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*'''CU''' [[Cuscatlán Department|Cuscatlán]] |
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*'''LI''' [[La Libertad Department|La Libertad]] |
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*'''PA''' [[La Paz Department (El Salvador)|La Paz]] |
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*'''UN''' [[La Unión Department|La Unión]] |
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{{col-break}} |
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*'''MO''' [[Morazán Department|Morazán]] |
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*'''SM''' [[San Miguel Department (El Salvador)|San Miguel]] |
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*'''SS''' [[San Salvador Department|San Salvador]] |
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*'''SV''' [[San Vicente Department|San Vicente]] |
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*'''SA''' [[Santa Ana Department|Santa Ana]] |
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*'''SO''' [[Sonsonate Department|Sonsonate]] |
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*'''US''' [[Usulután Department|Usulután]] |
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{{col-end}} |
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</div> |
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==Geography== |
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[[Image:Elsalvador relief map 1980.jpg|thumb|Shaded relief map of El Salvador]] |
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[[Image:Sanvicentevolcanojiboavalley.jpg|thumb|The scenic Jiboa Valley and San Vicente volcano.]] |
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{{main|Geography of El Salvador}} |
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El Salvador is located in [[Central America]]. It has a total area of 8,123 [[square mile]]s (21,040 [[Square kilometer|km²]]), making it almost the same size as the [[United States|U.S.]] state of [[New Jersey]]. It is the smallest country in continental America, and is affectionately called the "[[Tom Thumb]] of the Americas" (''"Pulgarcito de America"''). It has 123.6 square miles (320 km²) of water within its borders. Several small rivers flow through El Salvador into the [[Pacific Ocean]], including the [[Goascorán River|Goascorán]], [[Jiboa River|Jiboa]], [[Torola River|Torola]], [[Paz River|Paz]] and the [[Río Grande de San Miguel]]. Only the largest river, the [[Lempa River]], flowing from Honduras across El Salvador to the ocean, is navigable for commercial traffic. Volcanic craters enclose lakes, the most important of which are Lake Ilopango (70 km² / 27 sq mi) and [[Lake Coatepeque]] (26 km² / 10 sq mi). Lake Güija is El Salvador's largest natural lake (44 km² / 17 sq mi). Several artificial lakes were created by the damming of the Lempa, the largest of which is Embalse Cerrón Grande (350 km² / 135 sq mi). |
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El Salvador shares borders with [[Guatemala]] (126 [[Mile|mi]] / 203 [[kilometer|km]]) and [[Honduras]] (212.5 mi / 342 km). It is the only Central American country that does not have a Caribbean coastline. The highest point in the country is Cerro El Pital at 8,957 [[Foot (unit of length)|feet]] (2,730 [[meter]]s), which shares a border with Honduras |
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==Climate== |
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[[Image:Me in El Salvador.jpg|thumb|San Vicente Volcano]] |
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[[Image:Hakatana.jpg|thumb|San Vicente Volcano]] |
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[[Image:elpital.jpg|thumb|Survey marker at the summit of Cerro El Pital.]] |
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El Salvador has a tropical climate with pronounced wet and dry seasons. Temperatures vary primarily with elevation and show little seasonal change. The Pacific lowlands are uniformly hot; the central plateau and mountain areas are more moderate. |
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The rainy season extends from May to October. Almost all the annual rainfall occurs during this time, and yearly totals, particularly on southern-facing mountain slopes, can be as high as 217 [[centimeter]]s. Protected areas and the central plateau receive lesser, although still significant, amounts. Rainfall during this season generally comes from low pressure over the Pacific and usually falls in heavy afternoon thunderstorms. Hurricanes occasionally form in the Pacific with the notable exception of [[Hurricane Mitch]] in 1998. |
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From November through April, the northeast trade winds control weather patterns. During these months, air flowing from the Caribbean has had most of the precipitation wrung out of it while passing over the mountains in Honduras. By the time this air reaches El Salvador, it is dry, hot, and hazy. |
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Temperatures vary little with season; elevation is the primary determinant. The Pacific lowlands are the hottest and most humid region, with annual averages ranging from 25°[[Celsius|C]] to 29°C. San Salvador is representative of the central plateau, with an annual average temperature of 23°C and absolute high and low readings of 38°C and 2°C, respectively. Mountain areas are the coolest, with annual averages from 12°C to 23°C and minimum temperatures sometimes approaching freezing. |
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==Natural disasters== |
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[[Image:ElSalvadorslide.jpg|thumb|A [[landslide]] caused by one of the [[2001 El Salvador earthquakes]]]] |
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El Salvador lies along the [[Pacific ring of fire]], and is thus subject to significant [[Tectonic plate|tectonic]] activity, including frequent [[earthquake]]s and [[Volcano|volcanic]] activity. Recent examples include the earthquake on [[January 13]], [[2001]] that measured 7.7 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]] and caused a [[landslide]] that killed more than eight hundred people;<ref>[http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1109.html El Salvador<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and another earthquake only a month after the first one [[February 13]], 2001, killing 255 people and damaging about 20% of the nation's housing. Luckily, many families were able to find safety from the landslides caused by the earthquake. El Salvador's most recent destructive volcanic eruption took place on October 1, 2005, when the [[Ilamatepec volcano]] spewed up a cloud of ash and rocks, which fell on nearby villages and caused two deaths (Óscar Armando Guerrero Ventura and José Rafael Guevara). <ref>[http://www.laprensagrafica.com/especiales/2005/erupcion/316655.asp ERUPCIÓN EN SANTA ANA | La Prensa Gráfica<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> <ref>[http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1109.html El Salvador<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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El Salvador's position on the Pacific Ocean also makes it subject to severe weather conditions, including heavy rainstorms and severe [[drought]]s, both of which may be made more extreme by the [[El Niño]] and [[La Niña]] effects. In the summer of 2001, a severe drought destroyed 80% of the country's crops, causing [[famine]] in the countryside.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/elsalvador/photo6.html Wide Angle . 18 with a Bullet . Photo Essay: El Salvador, the Makings of a Gangland | PBS<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://www.fiu.edu/~oberbaue/el_salvador.pdf</ref> On [[October 4]], 2005, severe rains resulted in dangerous flooding and [[landslide]]s, which caused a minimum of fifty deaths.<ref>[http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1109.html El Salvador<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> El Salvador's location in [[Central America]] also makes it vulnerable to [[hurricane]]s coming off of the [[Caribbean]], however this risk is much less than for other Central American countries. |
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The Santa Ana volcano in El Salvador is currently dormant, but while it was still erupting it was very dangerous. Lago de Coatepeque (One of El Salvador's lakes.) was caused by a massive eruption. |
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== Economy == |
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{{Main|Economy of El Salvador}} |
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According to the [[IMF]] and [[CIA World Factbook]], El Salvador has the third largest economy in the region (behind Costa Rica and Guatemala) when looking at nominal Gross Domestic Product and purchasing power GDP.<ref> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29</ref> El Salvador's GDP per capita stands at [[United States dollar|US$]]4,900, however, this "[[developing country]]" still faces many [[social issues]] and is among the 10 poorest countries in Latin America.<ref>{{cite web | title = Rank Order - GDP - per capita (PPP) | publisher = U.S. Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html | accessdate = 2007-11-17}}</ref> Approximately 2.4 million (35.2%) people live below the [[poverty]] line, its GDP real growth rate is low compared to its neighbors, and 6% of the population is [[unemployed]] with much [[underemployment]]. |
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Most of El Salvador's economy has been hampered by natural disasters such as earthquakes and hurricanes, but El Salvador currently has a steadily growing economy. |
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GDP in [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP) in 2006 was estimated at $33.68 billion USD. The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 60.7%, followed by the industrial sector at 29.6% (2006 est.). Agriculture represents only 7.6% of GDP (2006 est.). |
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The Salvadoran economy has experienced mixed results from the recent government's commitment to [[free market]] initiatives and conservative fiscal management that include the [[privatization]] of the [[banking]] system, [[telecommunication]]s, public pensions, electrical distribution, and some [[electrical generation]], reduction of [[International trade|import]] [[Duty|duties]], elimination of [[price control]]s, and an improved enforcement of [[intellectual property rights]]. The [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]] has been growing since 1996 at an annual rate that averages 2.8% real growth. In 2006 the GDP's real growth rate was 4.2%. <ref>{{cite web | title = Gross Domestic Product, annual rates, main economic sectors | publisher = Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador | url = http://www.bcr.gob.sv/ingles/estadisticas/sr_produccion.html | accessdate = 2007-11-17}}</ref> |
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A problem that the Salvadoran economy faces is the inequality in the distribution of income. In 1999, the richest fifth of the [[population]] received 45% of the country's income, while the poorest fifth received only 5.6%. |
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In December 1999, net international reserves equaled US$1.8 billion or roughly five months of imports. Having this hard currency buffer to work with, the Salvadoran government undertook a monetary integration plan beginning [[January 1]] [[2001]] by which the U.S. dollar became legal tender alongside the [[Salvadoran colón]] and all formal accounting was done in U.S. dollars. This way, the government has formally limited its possibility of implementing open market monetary policies to influence short term variables in the economy. As of September 2007, net [[international reserve system|international reserves]] stood at $2.42 billion.<ref>{{cite web | title = Saldos a fin de año o mes | publisher = Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador | language = Spanish | url = http://www.bcr.gob.sv/estadisticas/Sector_externo/sectorexterno_reservasint_anual.html | accessdate = 2007-11-17 }}</ref> |
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Since 2004, the [[colón]] stopped circulating and is now never used in the country for any type of transaction.<ref>http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1109.html Country Specific Information,U.S. State Department,2007.</ref> In general, there was discontent with the shift to the U.S. dollar, primarily because of wage stagnation vis-a-vis basic commodity pricing in the marketplace. Additionally there are contentions that, according to [[Colin's Law]], a reversion to the colón would be disastrous to the economy. The change to the dollar also precipitated a trend toward lower interest rates in El Salvador, helping many to secure much needed credit for house or car purchases. |
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Sivareconomy.jpg|thumb|left|Economic Activity]] --> |
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A challenge in El Salvador has been developing new growth sectors for a more diversified economy. As many other former colonies, for many years El Salvador was considered a mono-export economy (an economy that depended heavily on one type of export). During colonial times, the Spanish decided that El Salvador would produce and export [[indigo]], but after the invention of synthetic dyes in the 19th century, Salvadoran authorities and the newly created modern state turned to [[coffee]] as the main export. Since the cultivation of coffee required the highest lands in the country, many of these lands were expropriated from [[indigenous reserves]] and given or sold cheaply to those that could cultivate coffee. The government provided little or no compensation to the indigenous peoples. On occasion, this compensation implied merely the right to work for seasons in the newly created coffee farms and to be allowed to grow their own food. Such actions provided the basis of conflicts that would shape the political landscape of El Salvador for years to come. |
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For many decades, [[coffee]] was one of the only sources of foreign currency in the Salvadoran economy. The [[Salvadoran Civil War]] in the 1980s and the fall of international coffee prices in the 1990s pressured the Salvadoran government to diversify the economy. The government has followed policies that intend to develop other export industries, such as textiles and sea products. Tourism is another industry Salvadoran authorities see as a possibility. But rampant [[crime rate]]s, lack of [[infrastructur]]e, and inadequate [[social capital]] have prevented this resource from being properly exploited and is still underdeveloped. |
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There are 15 [[free trade zone]]s in El Salvador. The largest beneficiary has been the [[maquila]] industry, which provides 88,700 jobs directly, and consists primarily of supplying labor for the cutting and assembling of clothes for [[export]] to the [[United States]].{{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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El Salvador signed the [[Central American Free Trade Agreement]] (CAFTA) — negotiated by the five countries of [[Central America]] and the [[Dominican Republic]] — with the United States in 2004. CAFTA requires that the Salvadoran government adopt policies that foster [[free trade]]. El Salvador has signed free trade agreements with [[Mexico]], [[Chile]], the Dominican Republic, and [[Panama]], and increased its [[trade]] with those countries. El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua also are negotiating a free trade agreement with [[Canada]]. In October 2007, these four countries and Costa Rica began free trade agreement negotiations with the European Union. Negotiations started in 2006 for a free trade agreement with [[Colombia]]. |
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[[Fiscal policy]] has been the biggest challenge for the Salvadoran government. The 1992 peace accords committed the government to heavy expenditures for transition programs and [[social work|social services]]. The Stability Adjustment Programs (PAE, for the initials in Spanish) initiated by President Cristiani's administration committed the government to the [[privatization]] of banks, the pension system, and the electric and telephone companies. The total privatization of the pension system has implied a serious burden for the [[public finance]] system, because the newly created private Pension Association Funds did not absorb coverage of retired pensioners covered under the old system. The government lost the revenues from contributors and absorbed completely the costs of coverage of retired pensioners. This has been the main source of fiscal imbalance. ARENA governments have financed this deficit with the emission of bonds, something the leftist FMLN has opposed. Debates surrounding the emission of bonds have stalled the approval of the national budget for many months on several occasions. The emission of bonds and the approval of government loans need a qualified majority (3/4 of the votes) in the National Legislature. If the deficit is not financed through a loan it is enough with a simple majority to approve the budget (50% of the votes plus 1). |
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Despite such challenges to keep public finances in balance, El Salvador still has one of the lowest tax burdens in the American continent (around 11% of GDP). Many specialists claim that it is impossible to advance significant development programs with such little public sector aid. (The tax burden in the United States is around 25% of the GDP and in developed countries of the EU it can reach around 50%.) The government has focused on improving the collection of its current [[revenue]]s with a focus on indirect taxes. Leftist politicians criticize such a structure since indirect taxes (like the value-added tax) affect everyone alike, whereas direct taxes can be weighed according to levels of income. However, basic foods and medicines are not subject to the value-added-tax. {{Fact|date=July 2007}} A 10% [[value-added tax]] (VAT), implemented in September 1992, was raised to 13% in July 1995. The VAT is the biggest source of revenue, accounting for about 52.3% of total [[tax revenues]] in 2004. |
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[[Inflation]] has been steady and among the lowest in the region. Since 1997 inflation has averaged 3%, with recent years increasing to nearly 5%. From 2000 to 2006 total exports have grown 19% from $2.94 billion to $3.51 billion. During this same period total imports have risen 54% from $4.95 billion to $7.63 billion. This has resulted in a 102% increase in the trade deficit from $2.01 billion to $4.12 billion.<ref>{{cite web | title = Trade Balance, Annual and Monthly Accumulated | publisher = Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador | url = http://www.bcr.gob.sv/ingles/estadisticas/se_balanzacom.html | accessdate = 2007-11-17 }}</ref> |
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Remittances from Salvadorans living and working in the United States, sent to family in El Salvador, are a major source of foreign [[income]] and offset the substantial [[trade deficit]] of $4.12 billion. Remittances have increased steadily in the last decade and reached an all-time high of $3.32 billion in 2006 (an increase of 17% over the previous year).<ref>{{cite web | title = Family Remittances | publisher = Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador | url = http://www.bcr.gob.sv/ingles/estadisticas/se_remesas.html | accessdate = 2007-11-17 }}</ref> approximately 16.2% of [[gross domestic product]](GDP). |
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Remittances have had positive and negative effects on El Salvador. In 2005 the number of people living in [[extreme poverty]] in El Salvador was 16%,<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio | date= | publisher= | url =http://www.redsolidaria.gob.sv/content/view/677/46/1/1/ | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2007-05-23 | language = Spanish }}</ref> according to a United Nations Development Program report, without remittances the number of Salvadorans living in extreme poverty would rise to 37%. While Salvadoran education levels have gone up, wage expectations have risen faster than either skills or productivity. For example, some Salvadorans are no longer willing to take jobs that pay them less than what they receive monthly from family members abroad. This has led to an influx of Hondurans and Nicaraguans who are willing to work for the prevailing wage. Also, the local propensity for consumption over investment has increased. Money from [[remittance]]s have also increased prices for certain commodities such as real estate. Many Salvadorans abroad earning much higher wages can afford higher prices for houses in El Salvador than local Salvadorans and thus push up the prices that all Salvadorans must pay.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/13/AR2006051300879_pf.html Money Earned in U.S. Pushes Up Prices in El Salvador<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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== Tourism == |
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[[Image:Elsalvadormarcapais.jpg|thumb|El Salvador's ministry of tourism logo]] |
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The only airport serving international flights in the country is [[Comalapa International Airport]] (airport code: SAL). This airport is located in Comalapa, about 30 minutes southeast of the capital.<ref>[http://www.aeropuertoelsalvador.gob.sv/ ::- CEPA- Aeropuerto Internacional de El Salvador ::<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The airport is commonly known as Comalapa International or El Salvador International. |
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El Salvador's tourism industry has grown dynamically over recent years as the Salvadoran government focuses on developing this sector. Last year tourism accounted for 4.6% of GDP; only 10 years ago, it accounted for 0.4%. In this same year, tourism grew 4.5% worldwide. Comparatively, El Salvador saw an increase of 8.97%, from 1.15 million to 1.27 million tourists. This has led to revenue from tourism growing 35.9% from $634 million to $862 million. As a reference point, in 1996 tourism revenue was $44.2 million. Also, there has been an even greater increase in the number of excursionists (visits that do not include an overnight stay). 222,000 excursionists visited El Salvador in 2006, a 24% increase over the previous year.<ref>http://www.elsalvadorturismo.gob.sv/boletin2006.pdf/</ref> |
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Most North American and European tourists are seeking out El Salvador's beaches and nightlife. Besides these two choices, El Salvador's tourism landscape is slightly different than those of other Central American countries. Because of its geographical size and urbanization, there aren't many nature-themed tourist destination such as ecotours or archaeological monuments. Surfing, however, is a natural tourist sector that is gaining popularity as more surfers visit El Zonte, Sunzal, and La Libertad, surfing spots that are not yet overcrowded. Also, the use of the United States dollar as Salvadoran currency and direct flights of 4–6 hours from most cities in the United States are important things to note for first-time travelers from the United States. [[Urbanization]] and [[Americanization]] of Salvadoran culture has also led to something else that first time tourists might be surprised to see: the abundance of American-style malls, stores, and restaurants in the three main urban areas, especially greater San Salvador. |
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Currently, tourists to El Salvador can be classified into four groups: Central Americans; North Americans; Salvadorans living abroad, primarily in the United States; and Europeans and South Americans. The first three represent the vast majority of tourists. Recently, El Salvador is attempting to broaden its tourist base and looking to the last group. Early indicators show that the government's efforts are working. When comparing January–March 2007 to the same period in 2006 (most recent data available), overall tourism has grown 10%, while from North America 38%, Europe 31%, and South America 36%.<ref>http://www.elsalvadorturismo.gob.sv/MARZO2007.pdf/</ref> In the fall, Livingston Airlines will initiate the only direct flight between Europe (departing from [[Milan]]) and El Salvador. The Decameron Salinitas, a recently inaugurated resort, has contributed to the growth of tourists from South America (because of name recognition of the resort chain) and is looking to do the same with Europeans. It is interesting to note that Decameron Salinitas is responsible for half the initial bookings on the Milan-San Salvador flights.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} This demonstrates a synergy between two of the few businesses that cater to European tourists and is evident of what is necessary in this nascent sector. |
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Additionally, more and more tourists continue to be drawn by El Salvador's turbulent past. [http://www.app.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070121/LIFE02/701210335] Some of the latest tourist attractions in the former war-torn El Salvador are gun fragments, pictures, combat plans, and mountain hideouts. Since 1992, residents in economically depressed areas are trying to profit from these remains. The mountain town of Perquin was considered the "guerrilla capital." Today it is home to the "Museum of the Revolution," featuring cannons, uniforms, pieces of [[Soviet]] weaponry, and other weapons of war once used by the [[FMLN]]'s (Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front) headquarters. |
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El Salvador continues to grow as an attraction. 40% of El Salvador visitors want to enjoy the sun and the country's beautiful beaches; 38% of El Salvador visitors enjoy the colonial structures and the country's history; and 22% enjoy the nature and El Salvador mountains and volcanoes. According to El Salvador newspaper [[El Diario De Hoy]] the top 10 attractions are the beaches in [[La Libertad]], [[Ruta Las Flores]], [[Suchitoto]], [[Playa Las Flores]] in [[San Miguel]], [[La Palma]], [[Santa Ana Volcano|Santa Ana]] where you find the country's tallest volcano, [[Nahuizalco]], [[Apaneca]], [[Juayua]], [[San Ignacio]]. [http://www.elsalvador.com/mwedh/nota/nota_varias_fotos.asp?idCat=2907&idArt=1482342] |
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== Culture == |
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The [[Roman Catholic]] Church plays an important role in the Salvadoran culture. Important foreign personalities in El Salvador were the [[Jesuit]] priests and professors [[Ignacio Ellacuria]], [[Ignacio Martín-Baró]], and [[Segundo Montes]], who were murdered in 1989 by the Salvadoran Army during the heat of the civil war. Painting, ceramics and textile goods are the main manual [[artistic]] expressions. Writers [[Francisco Gavidia]] (1863–1955), [[Salarrué]] (Salvador Salazar Arrué) (1899-1975), [[Claudia Lars]], [[Alfredo Espino]], [[Pedro Geoffroy Rivas]], [[Manlio Argueta]], [[José Roberto Cea]], and poet [[Roque Dalton]] are among the most important writers to stem [[from]] El Salvador. Notable 20th century personages include the late filmmaker [[Baltasar Polio]], artist [[Fernando Llort]], and [[caricaturist]] [[Toño Salazar]]. Amongst the more renowned representatives of the graphic arts are the painters [[Noe Canjura]], [[Carlos Cañas]], [[Julia Díaz]], [[Camilo Minero]], [[Ricardo Carbonell]], [[Roberto Huezo]], [[Miguel Angel Cerna]] (the painter and writer better known as MACLo), [[Esael Araujo]], and many others. |
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The wife of [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]] (author of the children's book, [[The Little Prince]]) was a Salvadoran aristocrat, [[Consuelo de Saint-Exupéry]]. |
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The local Spanish [[vernacular]] is called [[Caliche (linguistics)|''Caliche'']]. |
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{| align="center" style="border:1px; font-size:95%;" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" |
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|+ <big>'''Holidays'''</big> |
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|- style="background:#efefef;" |
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! Date !! English name !! Local name !! |
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|- |
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| [[January 16]] || Peace Accords Day || ''Día de los Acuerdos de Paz'' |
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|style="font-size:95%;"| Celebrates the peace accords signing between the government and the guerrilla in 1992 that finished the 12-year civil war. Mostly political events. |
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|- |
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| March/April || [[Holy Week]]/[[Easter]] || ''[[Semana Santa]]'' |
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|style="font-size:95%;"| Celebrated with [[Carnival]]-like events in different cities by the large Catholic population. |
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|- |
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| [[May 1]] || Labor Day || ''Día del trabajo'' |
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|style="font-size:95%;"| International Labour Day |
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|- |
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| [[May 10]] || Mother's Day || ''Día de las Madres'' |
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|style="font-size:95%;"| |
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|- |
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| [[August 1]]–7 || August Festivals || ''Fiestas de agosto'' |
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|style="font-size:95%;"| Week-long festival in celebration of ''El Salvador del Mundo'', patron saint of El Salvador. |
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|- |
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| [[September 15]] || Independence Day || ''Día de la Independencia'' |
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|style="font-size:95%;"| Celebrates independence from Spain, achieved in 1821. |
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|- |
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| [[November 2]] || [[Day of the Dead]] || ''Día de los Muertos'' |
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|style="font-size:95%;"| A day on which most people visit the tombs of deceased loved ones. (November 1 may be commemorated as well.) |
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|- |
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| [[November 21]] || Queen of the Peace Day || ''Dia de la Reyna de la Paz'' |
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|style="font-size:95%;"| Day of the Queen of Peace, the patron saint. Also celebrated, the San Miguel Carnival, (carnaval de San Miguel) a known feast in El Salvador, celebrated in in San Miguel City, similar to Mardi Gras of New Orleans,where you can enjoy about 45 music bands on the street. |
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|- |
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| [[October 12]] || Day of the Indians || ''Día de los indios'' |
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|style="font-size:95%;"| Celebration in dedication to the Indians (Amerindians). |
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|- |
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| [[December 24]] || [[Christmas Day]] || ''Navidad'' |
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|style="font-size:95%;"| In many communities, December 24 ([[Christmas Eve]]) is the major day of celebration, often to the point that it is considered the actual day of ''Navidad'' — with December 25 serving as a day of rest. |
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|} |
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===Education=== |
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El Salvador has several universities: |
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*[[Universidad de El Salvador]], UES |
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*[[Universidad Centroamericana “José Simeón Cañas”]], UCA |
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*[[Universidad Francisco Gavidia]], UFG |
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*[[Universidad Tecnologica]], UTec |
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*[[Universidad Don Bosco]], UDB |
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*[[Universidad Evangelica]] |
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*[[Universidad de Nueva San Salvador]], UNSS |
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*[[Universidad Albert Einstein]] |
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*[[Universidad Alberto Masferrer]] |
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*[[Universidad Modular Abierta]], UMA |
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*[[Universidad Polytecnica]] |
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*[[Universidad Catolica de Occidente]], UNICO |
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=== Cuisine === |
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[[Image:Vender El Salvador.jpg|right|thumb|Salvadoran woman at a food stall.]] |
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El Salvador's most notable dish is the [[pupusa]]. Pupusas are a thick hand-made corn tortilla (made using masa de maíz or masa de arroz, a maize or rice flour dough used in Latin American cuisine) stuffed with one or more of the following: cheese (usually a soft Salvadoran cheese, a popular example is Quesillo con loroco), chicharrón (a ground pork product, often mixed with tomato paste), and refried beans. [[Loroco]] is a vine flower bud native to Central America. There are also vegetarian options, often with ayote (a type of squash). Some adventurous restaurants even offer pupusas stuffed with shrimp. |
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Pupusas come from the pipil-nahuatl word, ''pupushahua''. The pupusa's exact origins are debated, although its presence in El Salvador is known to predate the arrival of Spaniards.<ref>http://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/2003/10/31/nacional/nacio7.html.</ref> |
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Two other typical Salvadoran dishes are yuca frita and pan con pavo. Yuca frita, which is fried [[cassava]] root, is deep fried and served with curtido (a pickled cabbage, onion and carrot topping) and pork rinds or pepesquitas (fried baby sardines). The Yuca is sometimes served boiled instead of fried. Pan con pavo, translated to turkey with bread, is a warm turkey submarine sandwich similar to a [[hoagie]]. The turkey is marinated and then roasted with Pipil spices and handpulled. This sandwich is traditionally served with turkey, tomato, and watercress. |
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===Music=== |
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{{main|Music of El Salvador}} |
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El Salvador is a Central American country whose culture is a mixture of Pipil and Spanish. Its music includes religious songs (mostly Roman Catholic) used to celebrate Christmas and other holidays, especially feast days of the saints. Satirical and rural lyrical themes are common. Due to the Americanization of El Salvador, popular English music is played on most national radio stations. In 2007, census showed that 67% of the music played on the most popular radio station, consisted of English music.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} |
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== Demographics == |
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{{main|Demographics of El Salvador}} |
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El Salvador's population numbers around 6.7 million people <ref>[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2033.htm El Salvador (01/08)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. More than 90% of Salvadorans are [[mestizo]] (mixed [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] and [[Spanish people|Spanish origin]]). 9% are [[White (people)|White]]; this population is mostly of [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent. There are also some of [[French people|French]], [[Germans|German]], [[Swiss people|Swiss]], and [[Italian people|Italian]] descent. El Salvador is 1% indigenous, mostly [[Pipil]] and [[Lenca people|Lenca]]. Very few [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] have retained their native customs, traditions, or languages, especially in the wake of the deliberate [[La Matanza|1932 massacres]] in which the [[Military of El Salvador|Salvadoran military]] murdered up to 40,000 peasants. |
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El Salvador is the only Central American country that has no visible [[African]] population because of its lack of an Atlantic coast and access to the slave trade that occurred along the east coast of the continent. In addition, General [[Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez]] instituted race laws in 1930 that prohibited [[blacks]] from entering the country; this changed during the 1980s and the law was removed <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.laprensagrafica.com/dominical/318769.asp |author=Elena Salamanca |title=NO a “los otros” |datre=October 23, 2005 |publisher=La Prensa Gráfica |accessdate=2007-12-29 |language=Spanish }}</ref>. However, there are few Salvadorans with African [[heritage]], they are most notably located in San Salvador, the capital, and the port city of La Union.<ref name="B">{{cite book |author=Montgomery, Tommie Sue |title=Revolution in El Salvador: from civil strife to civil peace |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, Colo |year=1995 |pages= |isbn=0-8133-0071-1 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> |
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Among the few immigrant groups that reached El Salvador, [[Palestinian Christians]] stand out.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} Though few in number, their descendants have attained great economic and political power in the country, as evidenced by President [[Antonio Saca]] — whose opponent in the 2004 election, [[Schafik Handal]], was likewise of Palestinian descent — and the flourishing commercial, industrial, and construction firms owned by them. |
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Spanish is the official language and therefore spoken by virtually all inhabitants (some of the indigenous still speak their native tongues). [[English language|English]] is also spoken by some throughout the republic since many have studied or lived in English speaking countries (mainly the U.S., but also Canada and Australia). These include many young Salvadorans deported from the United States, many of whom had grown up speaking only English. |
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Although the majority of the residents are [[Roman Catholic]], [[Protestantism]] is growing rapidly and is already representing more than 20% of the population.<ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51638.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2005]</ref> Anglican, Presbyterian, Methodist, Seventh-Day Adventist churches are all growing rapidly, as are Pentecostals and Mormons. |
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The capital city of [[San Salvador]] has about 2.1 million people; an estimated 42% of El Salvador's population live in rural areas. [[Urbanization]] expanded at a phenomenal rate in El Salvador since the 1960s, driving millions to the cities and creating growth problems for cities around the country. |
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According to the most recent [[United Nations]] survey, life expectancy for men was 68 years and 74 years for women. [[Education in El Salvador]] is free through ninth grade. The national [[literacy]] rate is 84.1%. |
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As of 2004, there were approximately 3.2 million Salvadorans living outside El Salvador, some of whom are [[undocumented immigrant]]s in the [[United States]]. Many other [[Salvadoran American]]s are legal immigrants, many becoming citizens or residents through the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} The USA has traditionally been the destination of choice for Salvadorans looking for greater economic opportunity. Salvadorans also live in nearby [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]] and [[Nicaragua]].<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Comunidad Salvadorena: Republica de Nicaragua | date= | publisher= | url =http://www.rree.gob.sv/sitio/img.nsf/vista/informes/$file/nicaragua.pdf | work =Minsterio de Relaciones Exteriores de El Salvador | pages = | accessdate = 2008-01-06 | language = }}</ref> The majority of expatriates emigrated during the civil war of the 1980s for political reasons and later because of adverse economic and social conditions. Other countries with notable Salvadoran communities include [[Canada]], [[Mexico]], the [[Cayman Islands]], [[Sweden]], [[Italy]] and [[Australia]]. |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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*http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2033.htm "Background Notes"], ''Background Notes: El Salvador'', [[January]], [[2008]]. Accessed [[March 06]], [[2008]]. |
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*https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/es.html "CIA World Factbook"], ''El Salvador'', [[February 28]], [[2008]]. Accessed [[March 06]], [[2008]]. |
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<references/> |
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*http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1109.html "Country Specific Information"], ''U.S. State Department'', [[October 03]], [[2007]]. Accessed [[March 06]], [[2008]] |
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== Bibliography == |
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*Bonner, Raymond. ''Weakness and Deceit: U.S. Policy and El Salvador.'' New York: Times Books, 1984. |
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*Danner, Mark. ''The Massacre at El Mozote: A Parable of the Cold War.'' New York: Vintage Books, 1994. |
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*Vilas, Carlos. ''Between Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Market, State, and the Revolution America.'' New York: Monthly Review Press. 1995. |
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== See also == |
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*[[Latin American culture]] |
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*[[Military of El Salvador]] |
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*[[Salvador (film)|''Salvador'' (film)]] |
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*[[Salvadorean diplomatic missions]] |
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*[[Scouting in El Salvador]] |
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*[[Salvadoran Civil War]] |
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*[[Economy of El Salvador]] |
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==External links== |
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{{portal|El Salvador|Flag of El Salvador.svg}} |
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{{sisterlinks}} |
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* [http://www.casapres.gob.sv The President of El Salvador] {{es icon}} |
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* [http://www.elsalvadoreasy.com Hotels in El Salvador] {{es icon}} |
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* [http://www.elsalvadoreasy.com Interest places in El Salvador] {{es icon}} |
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* {{wikiatlas|El Salvador}} |
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* {{wikitravel}} |
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* {{wikia|world:El Salvador|El Salvador}} |
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* {{dmoz|Regional/Central_America/El_Salvador}} |
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{{Countries of Central America}} |
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{{Countries of North America}} |
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Revision as of 15:32, 2 May 2008
el salvador couldnt afourd a page