Endocrine disease

Endocrine disease
Endocrine disease
Specialty	Endocrinology

Endocrine diseases are disorders of the endocrine system. The branch of medicine associated with endocrine disorders is known as endocrinology.

Types of disease

Broadly speaking, endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups:^[1]

Endocrine gland hyposecretion (leading to hormone deficiency)
Endocrine gland hypersecretion (leading to hormone excess)
Tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine glands

Endocrine disorders are often quite complex, involving a mixed picture of hyposecretion and hypersecretion because of the feedback mechanisms involved in the endocrine system. For example, most forms of hyperthyroidism are associated with an excess of thyroid hormone and a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone.^[2]

List of diseases

Glucose homeostasis disorders

Thyroid disorders

Calcium homeostasis disorders and Metabolic bone disease

Parathyroid gland disorders
Osteoporosis
Osteitis deformans (Paget's disease of bone)
Rickets and osteomalacia

Pituitary gland disorders

Posterior pituitary

Diabetes insipidus

Anterior pituitary

Sex hormone disorders

Disorders of sex development or intersex disorders
Hypogonadism (Gonadotropin deficiency)
- Inherited (genetic and chromosomal) disorders
- Acquired disorders
  - Ovarian failure (also known as Premature Menopause)
  - Testicular failure
Disorders of Puberty
- Delayed puberty
- Precocious puberty
Menstrual function or fertility disorders
- Amenorrhea
- Polycystic ovary syndrome

Tumours of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere

Endocrine emergencies

In endocrinology, medical emergencies include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, hypoglycemic coma, acute adrenocortical insufficiency, phaeochromocytoma crisis, hypercalcemic crisis, thyroid storm, myxoedema coma and pituitary apoplexy.^[3]

Emergencies arising from decompensated pheochromocytomas or parathyroid adenomas are sometimes referred for emergency resection when aggressive medical therapies fail to control the patient's state, however the surgical risks are significant, especially blood pressure lability and the possibility of cardiovascular collapse after resection (due to a brutal drop in respectively catecholamines and calcium, which must be compensated with gradual normalization).^[4]^[5] It remains debated when emergency surgery is appropriate as opposed to urgent or elective surgery after continued attempts to stabilize the patient, notably in view of newer and more efficient medications and protocols.^[6]^[7]^[8]

References

Template:Research help

^ "Endocrine Disorders". webmd.
^ "Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism: Overactivity of the Thyroid Gland". endocrineweb.
^ Savage, M W; P Mah; A Weetman; J Newell-Price (1 September 2004). "Endocrine emergencies". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 80 (947): 506–515. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2003.013474.
^ Brouwers, FM; Eisenhofer, G; Lenders, JW; Pacak, K (December 2006). "Emergencies caused by pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, or ganglioneuroma". Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. 35 (4): 699–724, viii. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2006.09.014. PMID 17127142.
^ Tahim, AS; Saunders, J; Sinha, P (2010). "A parathyroid adenoma: benign disease presenting with hyperparathyroid crisis". Case Reports in Medicine. 2010: 596185. doi:10.1155/2010/596185. PMC 3014839. PMID 21209735.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ Newell, KA; Prinz, RA; Pickleman, J; Braithwaite, S; Brooks, M; Karson, TH; Glisson, S (August 1988). "Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis. A surgical emergency". Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 123 (8): 956–9. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400320042007. PMID 2899426.
^ Scholten, A.; Cisco, R. M.; Vriens, M. R.; Cohen, J. K.; Mitmaker, E. J.; Liu, C.; Tyrrell, J. B.; Shen, W. T.; Duh, Q.-Y. (2 January 2013). "Pheochromocytoma Crisis Is Not a Surgical Emergency". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 98 (2): 581–591. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3020. PMID 23284003.
^ Phitayakorn, R; McHenry, CR (June 2008). "Hyperparathyroid crisis: use of bisphosphonates as a bridge to parathyroidectomy". Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 206 (3): 1106–15. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.11.010. PMID 18501807.

External links

Endocrine+system+diseases at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
MedlinePlus Overview endocrinediseases
Overview at Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy
Endotext

This template is no longer used; please see Template:Endocrine pathology for a suitable replacement

[1] "Endocrine Disorders". webmd.

[2] "Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism: Overactivity of the Thyroid Gland". endocrineweb.

[3] Savage, M W; P Mah; A Weetman; J Newell-Price (1 September 2004). "Endocrine emergencies". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 80 (947): 506–515. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2003.013474.

[4] Brouwers, FM; Eisenhofer, G; Lenders, JW; Pacak, K (December 2006). "Emergencies caused by pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, or ganglioneuroma". Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. 35 (4): 699–724, viii. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2006.09.014. PMID 17127142.

[5] Tahim, AS; Saunders, J; Sinha, P (2010). "A parathyroid adenoma: benign disease presenting with hyperparathyroid crisis". Case Reports in Medicine. 2010: 596185. doi:10.1155/2010/596185. PMC 3014839. PMID 21209735.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[6] Newell, KA; Prinz, RA; Pickleman, J; Braithwaite, S; Brooks, M; Karson, TH; Glisson, S (August 1988). "Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis. A surgical emergency". Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 123 (8): 956–9. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400320042007. PMID 2899426.

[7] Scholten, A.; Cisco, R. M.; Vriens, M. R.; Cohen, J. K.; Mitmaker, E. J.; Liu, C.; Tyrrell, J. B.; Shen, W. T.; Duh, Q.-Y. (2 January 2013). "Pheochromocytoma Crisis Is Not a Surgical Emergency". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 98 (2): 581–591. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3020. PMID 23284003.

[8] Phitayakorn, R; McHenry, CR (June 2008). "Hyperparathyroid crisis: use of bisphosphonates as a bridge to parathyroidectomy". Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 206 (3): 1106–15. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.11.010. PMID 18501807.

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