Entomology: Difference between revisions
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{{zoology|Image:LeafInsect.jpg}} |
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{{distinguish2|[[Etymology]], the study of the history of words}} |
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'''Entomology''', from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]: ''entomo-''/εντομο- "that which is cut in pieces or engraved/segmented", hence "insect"; and ''logos''/λόγος, "knowledge",<ref name="Liddell 1980">{{cite book | author = [[Henry George Liddell|Liddell, Henry George]] and [[Robert Scott (philologist)|Robert Scott]] | year = 1980 | title = [[A Greek-English Lexicon]] (Abridged Edition) | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | location = United Kingdom | id = ISBN 0-19-910207-4}}</ref> is the [[science|scientific]] study of [[insect]]s. At some 1.3 million described species, insects account for more than 2/3rds of all known organisms,<ref name="Chapman">{{cite book |author=Chapman, A. D. |year=2006 |title=Numbers of living species in Australia and the World |pages=60pp |Publisher=Canberra: [[Australian Biological Resources Study]] |id=ISBN 978-0-642-56850-2 |url=http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/index.html}}</ref>dating back some 400 million years, and have many kinds of interactions with humans and other forms of life on earth, so it is an important specialty within [[biology]]. Though technically incorrect, the definition is sometimes widened to include the study of terrestrial [[animals]] in other [[arthropod]] groups or other [[phylum|phyla]], such as [[arachnid]]s, [[myriapod]]s, [[earthworm]]s, and [[slug]]s. |
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Like several of the other fields that are categorized within [[zoology]], entomology is a [[taxon]]-based category; any form of scientific study in which the organisms studied happen to be insects is, by definition, entomology. Entomology therefore includes a cross-section of topics as diverse as [[molecular genetics]], [[behavior]], [[biomechanics]], [[biochemistry]], [[systematics]], [[physiology]], [[developmental biology]], [[ecology]], [[morphology (biology)|morphology]], [[paleontology]], [[anthropology]], [[robotics]], [[agriculture]], [[nutrition]], and more. |
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==History of entomology== |
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{{main|Timeline of entomology}} |
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Entomology is rooted in nearly all human [[culture]]s from [[prehistoric]] times, primarily in the context of [[agriculture]] (esp. [[biological control]] and [[beekeeping]]), but [[scientific]] study began only as recently as the 16th century <ref>Antonio Saltini, ''Storia delle scienze agrarie'', 4 vols, Bologna 1984-89, ISBN 88-206-2412-5, ISBN 88-206-2413-3, ISBN 88-206-2414-1, ISBN 88-206-2414-X</ref> |
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. The [[list of entomologists]] through recorded history is enormous, and includes such notable figures as [[Charles Darwin]], [[Vladimir Nabokov]], [[Karl von Frisch]] (winner of the 1973 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]), and two-time [[Pulitzer Prize]] winner, [[E. O. Wilson]]. Entomology has even entered popular modern culture; [[Gil Grissom]] on the [[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]] TV show is an entomologist, who is played by actor [[William Petersen]]. |
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==Identification of insects== |
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Insects other than [[Lepidoptera]] are typically identifiable only through the use of [[Identification key]]s and [[Monograph]]s. Because the class [[Insecta]] contains a very large number of species and the characters separating them are unfamiliar, and often subtle (or invisible without a [[microscope]]), this is often very difficult even for a specialist. |
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Insect identification is an increasingly common hobby, with [[butterfly|butterflies]] and [[dragonfly|dragonflies]] being the most popular. |
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==Taxonomic specialization== |
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[[Image:Beetle collection.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Part of a large [[beetle]] collection]] |
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Many entomologists specialize in a single order or even a family of insects, and a number of these subspecialties are given their own informal names, typically (but not always) derived from the scientific name of the group: |
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*[[Apiology]] (or [[melittology]]) - [[bee]]s |
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*[[Coleopterology]] - [[beetle]]s |
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*[[Dipterology]] - [[flies]] |
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*[[Hemiptera|Hemipterology]] - [[Hemiptera|true bug]]s |
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*[[Lepidoptera|Lepidopterology]] - [[moth]]s and [[butterfly|butterflies]] |
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*[[Myrmecology]] - [[ant]]s |
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*[[Orthopterology]] - [[grasshopper]]s, [[cricket (insect)|cricket]]s, etc. |
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*[[Trichoptera|Trichopterology]] - [[caddis flies]] |
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==Organizations== |
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Like other scientific specialties, entomologists have a number of local, national, and international organizations. There are also many organizations specializing in specific subareas. |
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*[[Amateur Entomologists' Society]] |
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*[[Deutsches Entomologisches Institut]] |
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*[[Entomological Society of America]] |
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*[[Entomological Society of Canada]] |
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*[[Royal Belgian Entomological Society]] |
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*[[Royal Entomological Society of London]] |
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*[[Société Entomologique de France]] |
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*[[Netherlands Entomological Society]] |
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*[[Entomological Society of Japan]] |
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*[http://www.entomologist.org Entomologist.org] |
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==Museums== |
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Many museums contain very large and important insect collections. Here is a list of some of the most important. |
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===Europe=== |
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*Natural History Museum, Vienna [[Naturhistorisches Museum]]. |
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*Natural History Museum, Paris [[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle]] |
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*Natural History Museum, Berlin [[Humboldt Museum]] |
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*Natural History Museum, London [[Natural History Museum]] |
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*Royal Museum for Central Africa, Brussels [[Royal Museum for Central Africa]] |
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*Natural History Museum, Leiden [[Natural History Museum, Leiden]] |
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*Natural History Museum, Sweden [[Swedish Museum of Natural History]] |
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*Natural History Museum, St. Petersburg [[Zoological Collection of the Russian Academy of Science]] |
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*Natural History Museum, Geneva [http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/mhng/page-e/arto.htm] |
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*The Bavarian State Collection of Zoology [[Zoologische Staatssammlung München]] |
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===United States=== |
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*[[National Museum of Natural History]], [[Washington, DC]] |
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*[[American Museum of Natural History]], [[New York]] |
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*[[California Academy of Sciences]], [[San Francisco]] |
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*[[Field Museum of Natural History]], [[Chicago]] |
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*[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]], [[Los Angeles]] |
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*[[Academy of Natural Sciences]], [[Philadelphia]] |
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*[[University of Kansas Natural History Museum]], [[Lawrence, Kansas|Lawrence, KS]] |
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*[[University of Nebraska State Museum]], [[Lincoln, Nebraska|Lincoln, NE]] |
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*[[Peabody Museum of Natural History]], [[New Haven]] |
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*[[Museum of Comparative Zoology]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge, MA]] |
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===Canada=== |
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*[[Royal Ontario Museum]], [[Toronto]] |
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*[[Canadian Museum of Nature]], [[Ottawa]] |
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*[[Montreal Insectarium]], [[Montreal]] |
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*University of Guelph Insect Collection, [[University of Guelph]], [[Guelph]], [[Ontario]] |
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*Lyman Entomological Museum, [[McGill University]], [[Montreal]] |
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*Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, [[Ottawa]] |
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*E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum, [[Edmonton]] |
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==See also== |
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{{portal}} |
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{{Wiktionary|entomology}} |
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*[[List of entomologists]] |
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*[[List of entomological journals]] |
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*[[Insects on stamps]] |
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*[[Ethnoentomology]] |
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===For further reading=== |
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*Chiang, H.C. and G. C. Jahn 1996. Entomology in the Cambodia-IRRI-Australia Project. (in Chinese) Chinese Entomol. Soc. Newsltr. (Taiwan) 3: 9-11. |
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*Davidson, E. 2006. Big Fleas Have Little Fleas: How Discoveries of Invertebrate Diseases Are Advancing Modern Science University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 208 pages, ISBN 0-8165-2544-7. |
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*Triplehorn, Charles A. and Norman F. Johnson (2005-05-19). Borror and DeLong's Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, Thomas Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-03-096835-6. — a classic textbook in North America. |
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==External links== |
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*{{cite web| url=http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/87| author=Professor Andrew Speilman| title=Malaria video| accessdate=2006-12-09}} |
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*{{cite web| url=http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/52| author=Rob Hutchinson | title=Mosquitoes video| accessdate=2006-12-09}} |
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*{{cite web| url=http://www.uvm.edu/~entlab| title=Entomology Laboratory| author=University of Vermont| accessdate=2006-12-09}} |
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*{{cite web| url=http://www.ent.iastate.edu/list/| title=Annotated Entomology directory| author=Iowa State University| accessdate=2006-12-09}} |
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*{{cite web| url=http://www.ub.es/dpep/meganeura/meganeura.htm| title=Fossil Insects| author=Meganeura, University of Barcelona| accessdate=2006-12-09}} |
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*{{cite web| url=http://www.goliathus.cz/| title=Goliathus (Entomology hobbyist site)| author=| accessdate=2006-12-09}} |
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*{{cite web| url=http://ltreadwell.ifas.ufl.edu/insects/09Coleoptera.htm| title=Coleoptera (Beetles)| author=Linda Treadwell| accessdate=2006-12-09}} |
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*{{cite web| url=http://parasite.natur.cuni.cz/jirovec/index.php?category=11| title=Medical Entomology images| author=| accessdate=2006-12-09}} |
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*{{cite web| url=http://www-museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/index.htm| title=Division of Entomology| author=University of Nebraska State Museum| accessdate=2006-12-09}} |
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*{{cite web| url=http://gvcocks.homeip.net/orders.html| title=Insects of Townsville, Australia| author=Graeme Cocks| accessdate=2006-12-09}} |
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*{{cite web| url=http://www.actroninc.com/flyref.htm| title=Compendium of References on Flies and Disease| author=Actronic| accessdate=2006-12-09}} |
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*[http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/site_main.htm?docid=10141&page=1 USDA Collecting methods.Detailed instructions] |
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*[http://arthropa.free.fr/ Arthropa] Fascinating site from France.Extensive photo album sorted by topic. |
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*[http://entweb.clemson.edu/museum/cabinet.htm Virtual Insect Museum] |
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*[http://pests.ifas.ufl.edu/bestbugs/ Best of the Bugs] Great entomology Web sites selected by entomologists. |
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==Footnotes== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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[[Category:Entomology|*]] |
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[[bn:কীটবিজ্ঞান]] |
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[[br:Amprevanoniezh]] |
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[[bg:Ентомология]] |
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[[ca:Entomologia]] |
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[[cs:Entomologie]] |
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[[co:Entomologia]] |
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[[da:Entomologi]] |
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[[de:Insektenkunde]] |
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[[dv:އެންޓޮމޮލޮޖީ]] |
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[[et:Entomoloogia]] |
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[[es:Entomología]] |
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[[eo:Entomologio]] |
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[[fa:حشرهشناسی]] |
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[[fr:Entomologie]] |
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[[fur:Entomologjie]] |
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[[ko:곤충학]] |
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[[hi:कीटविज्ञान]] |
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[[id:Entomologi]] |
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[[os:Энтомологи]] |
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[[is:Skordýrafræði]] |
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[[it:Entomologia]] |
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[[he:אנטומולוגיה]] |
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[[kn:ಕೀಟಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ]] |
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[[ka:ენტომოლოგია]] |
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[[la:Entomologia]] |
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[[lv:Entomoloģija]] |
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[[lt:Entomologija]] |
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[[li:Insekkónde]] |
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[[hu:Entomológia]] |
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[[mt:Entomoloġija]] |
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[[ms:Entomologi]] |
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[[nl:Entomologie]] |
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[[ja:昆虫学]] |
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[[no:Entomologi]] |
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[[nn:Entomologi]] |
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[[oc:Entomologia]] |
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[[pl:Entomologia]] |
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[[pt:Entomologia]] |
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[[ro:Entomologie]] |
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[[ru:Энтомология]] |
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[[sco:Entomologie]] |
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[[simple:Entomology]] |
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[[sk:Entomológia]] |
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[[sl:Entomologija]] |
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[[fi:Entomologia]] |
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[[sv:Entomologi]] |
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[[tl:Entomolohiya]] |
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[[tet:Entomolojia]] |
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[[th:กีฏวิทยา]] |
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[[vi:Côn trùng học]] |
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[[tg:Энтомология]] |
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[[tr:Entomoloji]] |
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[[uk:Ентомологія]] |
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[[ur:حشریات]] |
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[[zh:昆虫学]] |
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