Euderus set
| Euderus set | |
|---|---|
| |
| A. and B. female; C. male | |
| |
| A. male right forewing; B. female head; C. male head | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Eulophidae |
| Genus: | Euderus |
| Species: | E. set
|
| Binomial name | |
| Euderus set Egan, Weinersmith, & Forbes, 2017
| |
Euderus set, the crypt-keeper wasp, is a tiny chalcid wasp from the family Eulophidae from the United States, described in 2017 as a parasitoid of the gall wasp Bassettia pallida. The description of its life cycle has attracted widespread publicity.
Description
[edit]The predominant colour of the adult wasp is metallic green to turquoise to iridescent blue, depending on age, with a yellow scape and white tarsi which have a dark brown terminal segment. Females are 1.6mm to 2.3mm in length, males are 1.2mm to 1.6mm.[1]
Discovery
[edit]One of the parasitologists to co-discover the species was Kelly Weinersmith.[1]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The type locality of Euderus set was Inlet Beach, Florida and it has since been recorded throughout the midwestern, southcentral and southeastern United States.[2] Specimens have been collected from galls on oaks from several subsections of the genus Quercus.[1][2]
Biology
[edit]The female Euderus set searches for the galls or "crypts" induced by the gall wasps Bassettia pallida, Andricus quercuspetiolicola, and possibly others.[1][2] The female E. set then oviposits in the chamber of the gall. When the egg hatches, the larva of E. set burrows into the larva of the host wasp. It then manipulates the host so that it speeds up its development, metamorphoses into an adult and chews its way up to the surface months earlier than normal. When the host does this, the burrow is not wide enough for it to emerge from the stem and its head becomes stuck.[3] The E. set larva then consumes the host and chews through its head to emerge as an adult. The larvae overwinter in the gall, eating the host, and emerge in the following spring.[4] The mechanism used to manipulate the host is not known.[5]
If the adults of E. set have to excavate their own exit tunnel through the plant tissue themselves, they are three times more likely to die than are those that have the host excavate the tunnel for them.[3]
E. set appears to be most closely related to Euderus crawfodii and E. multilineata, in the sub-genus Neoeuderus, together with another wasp which is a parasitoid of a pin oak gall wasp. The wasps in the sub-genus Neoeuderus appear to be specialist parasitoids of the gall wasps of the family Cynipidae.[1]
Naming
[edit]The specific name is the name of the Egyptian god Set, who trapped his brother Osiris in a sarcophagus before killing him and cutting him up into little pieces.[6]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Egan SP, Weinersmith KL, Liu S, Ridenbaugh RD, Zhang YM, Forbes AA (2017). "Euderus Haliday from the southeastern United States (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae): the crypt-keeper wasp". ZooKeys (645): 37–49. doi:10.3897/zookeys.645.11117. PMC 5299223. PMID 28228666.
- ^ a b c Ward AK, Khodor OS, Egan SP, Weinersmith KL, Forbes AA (September 2019). "A keeper of many crypts: a behaviour-manipulating parasite attacks a taxonomically diverse array of oak gall wasp species". Biology Letters. 15 (9): 20190428. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0428. PMC 6769138. PMID 31551066.
- ^ a b Weinersmith KL, Liu SM, Forbes AA, Egan SP (January 2017). "Tales from the crypt: a parasitoid manipulates the behaviour of its parasite host". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 284 (1847): 20162365. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.2365. PMC 5310038. PMID 28123089.
- ^ Barras C (2017-01-25). "Parasite turns wasp into zombie then drills through its head". New Scientist. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
- ^ Bittel J (2017-01-25). "New Crypt-Keeper Wasp Is Parasite That Bursts From Host's Head". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
- ^ Goenka H (2017-01-26). "Crypt-Keeper Wasp, Euderus Set, Is A Newly Discovered Parasite That Kills Its Host By Eating Its Head — From The Inside Out". International Business Times. Retrieved 18 June 2017.