Falcon aviadenovirus A
| Falcon adenovirus A | |
|---|---|
| Virus classification | |
| Group: | Group I (dsDNA)
|
| Order: | Unassigned
|
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | Falcon adenovirus A
|
Falcon adenovirus A is an avian adenovirus capable of infecting birds of the genus Falco, commonly called falcons. The virus was first discovered in 1996 in an epizootic of inclusion body hepatitis and enteritis in aplomado and peregrine falcons.[1] It can also infect orange-breasted falcons, taitas, merlins, and American kestrels.[1][2]
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of infection last for 1–2 days[3] and include:[1][2][3]
- Anorexia
- Dehydration
- Diarrhea
- Enteritis, the inflammation of the small intestines
- Inclusion bodies in the liver
- Necrotizing hepatitis
- Splenomegaly, the enlargement of the spleen
Diagnosis
To allow screening of captive birds for virus shedding and investigations of disease outbreaks, conventional and quantitative PCR assays as well as in situ hybridization techniques have been developed to identify the DNA of falcon adenovirus A.[1][4] If the falcon has died, a necropsy can be performed to look for intranuclear inclusion bodies and necrosis in the liver and inflamed small intestines.[3] Testing for serum neutralizing antibodies can also be used to identify if a bird has been infected by the virus.[5]
Transmission
Transmission of falcon adenovirus A occurs horizontally through the fecal-oral route. Cross-species brooding of eggs increases the risk of infection.[1] The primary way to stop transmission is to separate sick falcons from uninfected ones susceptible to infection.[5]
Epidemiology
As falcon adenovirus A infects falcons found throughout North America, the virus likely has a large geographic distribution. Serosurveys of captive and wild peregrine falcons have revealed a seroprevalence of 80-100%, although clinical disease is rarely reported in this species, which suggests they are the natural reservoir of the virus. In other falcon species, seroprevalence ranges from 43 to 57%.[5] Wild American kestrels caught have sometimes been infected, indicating the virus to be circulating in wild populations.[2]
References
- ^ a b c d e Schrenzel, M.; Oaks, J. L.; Rotstein, D.; Maalouf, G.; Snook, E.; Sandfort, C.; Rideout, B. (2005). "Characterization of a New Species of Adenovirus in Falcons". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (7): 3402–3413. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.7.3402-3413.2005. PMC 1169131. PMID 16000466.
- ^ a b c Tomaszewski, E. K.; Phalen, D. N. (2007). "Falcon adenovirus in an American kestrel (Falco sparverius)". Journal of avian medicine and surgery. 21 (2): 135–139. doi:10.1647/1082-6742(2007)21[135:FAIAAK]2.0.CO;2. PMID 18065135.
- ^ a b c Dean, J.; Latimer, K. S.; Oaks, J. L.; Schrenzel, M.; Redig, P. T.; Wünschmann, A. (2006). "Falcon adenovirus infection in breeding Taita falcons (Falco fasciinucha)". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 18 (3): 282–286. doi:10.1177/104063870601800310. PMID 16789719.
- ^ Schrenzel, M.; Snook, E.; Gagneux, P. (2007). "Molecular assays for detection of falcon adenovirus". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (5): 479–485. doi:10.1177/104063870701900504. PMID 17823390.
- ^ a b c Oaks, J. L.; Schrenzel, M.; Rideout, B.; Sandfort, C. (2005). "Isolation and Epidemiology of Falcon Adenovirus". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (7): 3414–3420. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.7.3414-3420.2005. PMC 1169132. PMID 16000467.