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YOU ARE A DICK |
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[[File:Round farm 2007.jpg|thumb|250px|Farmland in the USA. The round fields are due to the use of [[center pivot irrigation]]]] |
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[[File:Plan mediaeval manor.jpg|thumb|200px|Typical plan of a mediaeval English manor, showing the use of field strips]] |
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A '''farm''' is an area of land or water (for [[aquaculture]]) that includes various structures and is devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing [[food]] (i.e. [[produce]], [[grain]]s, or [[livestock]]), [[fibre]]s, and increasingly [[fuel]]. It is the basic production facility in [[agriculture|food production]].<ref>Gregor, 209; Adams, 454.</ref> Farms may be owned and operated by a single individual, family, community, corporation or a company. <!-- subsistence farming?-->A farm can be a holding of any size from a fraction of a [[hectare]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Winterbottom|first=Jo|title=SPECIAL REPORT - India's food chain in deep change|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/06/20/idINIndia-57791920110620|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=12 July 2011|coauthors=Jadhav, Rajendra|date=June 20, 2011|quote=The average size of farms in India is a mere 1.33 hectares -- about the size of two soccer pitches}}</ref> to several thousand hectares.<ref name="Wrightsair">{{cite web |url=http://www.wrightsair.com.au/anna.htm |title=Anna Creek Station |publisher=Wrightsair |accessdate=February 17, 2012 |quote=Anna Creek Station is well known as the largest cattle station in the world, covering an area of 24,000 sq. kms}}</ref> |
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==Etymology== |
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[[File:Marion Cty, Iowa Farmer w mule drawn wagon, 1920s.jpg|thumb|A [[farmer]] harvesting crops with mule-drawn wagon, 1920s, [[Iowa]], USA]] |
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The word in the sense of an agricultural land-holding derives from the verb "[[Farm (revenue commutation)|to farm]]" a revenue source, whether taxes, customs, rents of a group of manors or simply to hold an individual manor by the [[feudal land tenure]] of "fee farm". The word is from the medieval Latin noun ''firma'', also the source of the French word ''ferme'', meaning a fixed agreement, contract,<ref>Larousse Dictionnaire de la Langue Francaise ''Lexis'', Paris, 1993</ref> from the classical Latin adjective ''firmus'' meaning strong, stout, firm.<ref>{{cite book|title=Collins dictionary of the English language|year=1986|publisher=Collins|location=London|editor=Patrick Hanks}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cassell's Latin dictionary|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls|editor=James Robert Vernam Marchant, Joseph Fletcher Charles}}</ref> As in the medieval age virtually all manors were engaged in the business of agriculture, which was their principal revenue source, so to hold a manor by the tenure of "fee farm" became synonymous with the practice of agriculture itself. |
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==Types of farms== |
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[[File:Ontario farm.jpg|thumb|A typical North American [[grain]] farm with farmstead in [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]]] |
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[[File:chinafarmland.jpg|thumb|Farmlands in [[Hebei|Hebei province]], [[People's Republic of China|China]]]] |
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A business producing tree fruits or nuts is called an ''[[orchard]]''; a ''[[vineyard]]'' produces grapes. The ''[[stable]]'' is used for operations principally involved in the training of horses. Stud and commercial farms breed and produce other animals and livestock. A farm that is primarily used for the production of milk and dairy is a ''[[dairy farm]]''. A ''[[market gardening|market garden]]'' or ''truck farm'' is a farm that grows vegetables, but little or no grain. Additional specialty farms include [[fish farming|fish farms]], which raise fish in captivity as a food source, and tree farms, which grow trees for sale for transplant, lumber, or decorative use. A [[plantation]] is usually a large farm or estate, on which [[cotton]], [[tobacco]], [[coffee]] or sugar cane, are cultivated, often by resident laborers. |
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===Types of farming=== |
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* [[Collective farming]] |
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* [[Factory farming]] |
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* [[Intensive farming]] |
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* Protected culture farming |
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* [[Organic farming]] |
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* [[Vertical farming]] |
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* [[Fell farming]] |
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* [[Farming a field]] |
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==Specialized farms== |
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===Dairy farms=== |
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{{main|Dairy farming}} |
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[[Image:Cow milking machine in action DSC04132.jpg|left|thumb|A [[milking machine]] in action]] |
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[[Dairy farming]] is a class of [[agriculture]], where female [[cattle]], [[domestic goat|goats]], or other [[mammal]]s are raised for their [[milk]], which may be either processed on-site or transported to a [[dairy]] for processing and eventual retail sale. |
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In most [[western world|Western]] countries, a centralized [[dairy]] facility processes milk and dairy products, such as [[cream]], [[butter]], and [[cheese]]. In the United States, these dairies are usually local companies, while in the [[southern hemisphere]] facilities may be run by very large nationwide or trans-national corporations (such as [[Fonterra]]). |
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Dairy farms generally sell the male calves borne by their mothers for [[veal]] [[meat]], as dairy breeds are not normally satisfactory for commercial [[beef]] production. Many dairy farms also grow their own feed, typically including [[maize|corn]], [[alfalfa]], and [[hay]]. This is fed directly to the cows, or stored as [[silage]] for use during the winter season. Additional dietary supplements are added to the feed to improve milk production.<!-- sources to work into the text--> <ref>http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312380/dairy.htm</ref> |
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===Poultry farms=== |
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Poultry farms are devoted to raising [[chicken]]s (egg layers or [[broiler]]s), [[turkeys]], [[duck]]s, and other [[fowl]], generally for meat or eggs.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Beginner's Guide to Poultry Farming|url=http://www.alabamapoultry.org/beginner.html|publisher=The Alabama Poultry and Egg Association|accessdate=February 18, 2012}}</ref> |
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===Prison farms=== |
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{{main|Prison farm}} |
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[[Prison farm]]s are farms which serve as prisons for persons sentenced to hard labor by a court. On prison farms inmates run the important tasks of a farm, producing crops.<ref>{{cite web|title=RSS Text Size Print Share This Home / news / opinion / editorial / Taxpayers Get a Break From Prison Farms|url=http://www2.newsadvance.com/news/2008/aug/28/taxpayers_get_a_break_from_prison_farms-ar-216363/|publisher=The News & Advance|accessdate=February 18, 2012|date=August 28, 2008}}</ref> |
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==Ownership== |
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[[Image:Cattle Lot.jpg|thumb|Typical [[cattle]] yard in Northern [[Iowa]], USA]] |
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Farm control and ownership has traditionally been a key indicator of status and power, especially in Medieval European [[agrarian societies]]. The [[Distribution of property|distribution]] of farm ownership has historically been closely linked to [[form of government]]. Medieval [[feudalism]] was essentially a system that centralized control of farmland, control of farm labor and political power, while the early American [[democracy]], in which land ownership was a prerequisite for voting rights, was built on relatively easy paths to individual farm ownership. However, the gradual [[modernization]] and [[mechanization]] of farming, which greatly increases both the efficiency and capital requirements of farming, has led to increasingly large farms. This has usually been accompanied by the decoupling of political power from farm ownership.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} |
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===Forms of ownership=== |
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In some societies (especially [[socialist]] and [[communist]]), [[collective farming]] is the norm, with either government ownership of the land or common ownership by a local group. Especially in societies without widespread industrialized farming, [[tenant farming]] and [[sharecropping]] are common; farmers either pay landowners for the right to use farmland or give up a portion of the crops.[[File:Barbed Wire Roll.jpg|thumb|Roll of [[barbed wire]] used to mark fence line on cattle farms]] |
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==Farms around the world== |
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===Australia=== |
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[[File:Cows in green field - nullamunjie olive grove03.jpg|thumbnail|left|250px|Cows grazing on a farm in [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], [[Australia]]]] |
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[[Farming]] is a significant economic sector in [[Australia]]. A farm is an area of land used for primary production which will include buildings. |
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Where most of the income is from some other employment, and the farm is really an expanded residence, the term ''[[hobby farm]]'' is common. This will allow sufficient size for recreational use but be very unlikely to produce sufficient income to be self-sustaining. Hobby farms are commonly around {{convert|5|acre|m2}} but may be much larger depending upon land prices (which vary regionally). |
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Often very small farms used for intensive primary production are referred to by the specialization they are being used for, such as a dairy rather than a dairy farm, a piggery, a market garden, etc. This also applies to feedlots, which are specifically developed to a single purpose and are often not able to be used for more general purpose (mixed) farming practices. |
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In remote areas farms can become quite large. As with ''estates'' in England, there is no defined size or method of operation at which a large farm becomes a [[Station (Australian agriculture)|station]]. |
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===United Kingdom=== |
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In the UK, ''farm'' as an agricultural unit, always denotes the area of [[pasture]] and other [[field (agriculture)|fields]] together with its farmhouse, farmyard and outbuildings. Very large farms, or groups of farms under the same ownership, may be called an [[Estate (land)|estate]]. Conversely, a small farm surrounding the owner's dwelling is called a [[smallholding]] and is generally focused on [[self-sufficiency]] with only the surplus being sold. |
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===North America=== |
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[[Image:Farming near Klingerstown, Pennsylvania.jpg|left|thumb|Farming near [[Klingerstown, Pennsylvania|Klingerstown]], [[Pennsylvania]]]] |
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[[Image:Hemshaw.jpg|thumb|Many farms have fallen into disrepair such as the ruins of ''Higher Hempshaw's'' in [[Anglezarke]], England]] |
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[[Image:Rieten dak old farmhouse.jpg|thumb| Traditional Dutch farmhouse]] |
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The land and buildings of a farm are called the "farmstead." {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} |
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Enterprises where livestock are raised on [[rangeland]] are called ''[[ranch]]es''. Where livestock are raised in confinement on feed produced elsewhere, the term ''[[feedlot]]'' is usually used. |
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In 1910 there were 6,406,000 farms and 10,174,000 family workers; In 2000 there were only 2,172,000 farms and 2,062,300 family workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nass.usda.gov/Charts_and_Maps/graphics/data/fl_typwk.txt|title=National Agricultural Statistics Service|accessdate=2007-04-20}}</ref> The share of U.S. farms operated by women has risen steadily over recent decades, from 5 percent in 1978 to 14 percent by 2007.<ref> Hoppe, Robert A. and Penni Korb. (2013). [http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo46324 Characteristics of Women Farm Operators and Their Farms.] Washington, D.C.: [[United States Department of Agriculture|U.S. Department of Agriculture]], [[Economic Research Service]].</ref> |
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In the United States, there are over three million migrant and seasonal farmworkers; 72% are foreign-born, 78% are male, they have an average age of 36 and average education of 8 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Facts about Farmworkers|url=http://www.ncfh.org/docs/fs-Facts%20about%20Farmworkers.pdf|publisher=National Center for Farmworker Health|accessdate=March 29, 2013}}</ref> Farmworkers make an average hourly rate of $9–10 per hour, compared to an average of over $18 per hour for nonfarm labor. Their average family income is under $20,000 and 23% live in families with incomes below the federal poverty level.<ref>{{cite web|title=Changing Characteristics of U.S. Farm Workers|url=http://migration.ucdavis.edu/cf/files/2011-may/carroll-changing-characteristics.pdf|publisher=U.S. Department of Labor|accessdate=March 29, 2013}}</ref> One-half of all farmworker families earn less than $10,000 per year,<ref>{{cite web|title=Facts on Farmworkers in the United States|url=http://www.farmworkers.cornell.edu/pdf/facts_on_farmworkers.pdf|publisher=Cornell University|accessdate=February 17, 2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061207104510/http://www.farmworkers.cornell.edu/pdf/facts_on_farmworkers.pdf|archivedate=December 7, 2006|year=2001}}</ref> which is significantly below the 2005 U.S. poverty level of $19,874 for a family of four. |
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In 2007, corn acres are expected to increase by 15% because of the high demand for ethanol, both in and outside of the U.S. Producers are expecting to plant 90.5 million acres (366,000 km²) of corn, making it the largest corn crop since 1944.<ref>{{cite web|title=Corn Acres Expected to Soar in 2007, USDA Says|url=http://www.nass.usda.gov/Newsroom/2007/03_30_2007.asp|work=Newsroom|publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture - National Agricultural Statistics Service|accessdate=February 18, 2012|location=Washington|date=March 30, 2007}}</ref> |
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==Farm buildings and structures== |
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* See [[:Category:Agricultural buildings]] |
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==Farm equipment== |
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{{main|Agricultural machinery}} |
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{{Div col|2}} |
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* [[Tractor]] |
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* [[Plough]] |
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* [[Harrow (tool)|Harrow]] |
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* [[Combine harvester]] |
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* [[Mower]] |
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* [[Baler]] |
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* [[Pickup truck]] |
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{{Div col end}} |
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==Gallery== |
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<center><gallery widths="200"> |
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File:Pastoral-barn.jpg | A pastoral farm scene with a classic American red barn |
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[[File:Mezőeörsi Nagy Lajos farmja - 1912 (1).tif|thumb|Farm in Transylvania - 1912]] |
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File:Michelsen Farmstead.jpg | [[Michelsen Farmstead]] [[List of provincial historic sites of Alberta|Provincial Historic Site of Alberta]], [[Stirling Agricultural Village]] |
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File:Farm produce.JPG | Farm produce on display at an agricultural show, NSW. |
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File:Wafrafarms.jpg|Farm in [[Wafra]], [[Kuwait]] |
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File:Faisalabad countryside edit.jpg|An agricultural farm in [[Faisalabad]], a city of the fertile [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] region of [[Pakistan]]. |
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</gallery></center> |
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==See also== |
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{{portal|Agriculture and Agronomy}} |
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{{Div col|2}} |
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* [[Agroecology]] |
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* [[Electrical energy efficiency on United States farms]] |
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* [[Factory farming]] |
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* [[Farmette]] |
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* [[Gentleman's farm]] |
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* [[Museum of Scottish Country Life]] |
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* [[Ranch]] |
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* [[Rural economics]] |
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* [[Rural flight]] |
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* [[Rural]] |
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* [[Semi trucks]] |
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* [[Smallholding]] |
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{{Div col end}} |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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{{-}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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* {{cite journal | title=The Decoupling of Farm and Household: Differential Consequences of Capitalist Development on Southern Illinois and Third World Family Farms | first=Jane H. | last=Adams | journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History | volume=30 | issue=3 |date=July 1988 | pages=453–482 | doi=10.1017/S0010417500015334}} |
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* {{cite book | first=David | last=Blackbourn | title=The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780–1918 | year=1998 | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press}} |
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* {{cite book | first=Christopher | last=Clark | title=Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 | year=2006 | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press}} |
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* {{cite journal | title=Farm Structure in Regional Comparison: California and New Jersey Vegetable Farms | first=Howard F. | last=Gregor | journal=Economic Geography | volume=45 | issue=3 |date=July 1969 | pages=209–225 | doi=10.2307/143091 | publisher=Economic Geography, Vol. 45, No. 3 | jstor=143091}} |
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* {{cite journal | title=The Geography of Farm Size a Preliminary Survey | first=David | last=Grigg | journal=Economic Geography | volume=42 | issue=3 |date=July 1966 | pages=205–235 | doi=10.2307/142007 | publisher=Economic Geography, Vol. 42, No. 3 | jstor=142007}} |
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* {{cite book | first=Elizabeth | last=Schmidt | title=Peasants, Traders, and Wives: Shona Women in the History of Zimbabwe, 1870–1939 | year=1992 | location=Portsmouth, New Hampshire | publisher=Heinemann}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Farms}} |
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{{Wiktionary|farm|farmstead}} |
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* {{cite web | url=http://tinyfarmwiki.com/ | title=Tiny Farm Wiki}} |
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* {{cite web | url=http://www.regional.org.au/au/asa/1998/7/275howden.htm | title=Farming styles and extension in broadacre cropping | accessdate=2007-04-18 | work=The Australian Society of Agronomy}} |
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* {{cite web | url=http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/concept.htm | title=What is Sustainable Agriculture? | work=University of California | accessdate=2007-04-18 |date=December 1997}} |
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* {{cite web | url=http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/perma.html | title=Introduction to Permaculture: Concepts and Resources | first=Steve | last=Diver |date=August 2002 | accessdate=2007-04-18 | work=The ATTRA Project}} |
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* {{cite web | url=http://my11.net/ | title=Tiny Extremadura Farm}} |
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* [http://www.opensourceecology.org/ Open Source Ecology] |
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* {{cite web | url=http://www.doleta.gov/agworker/naws.cfm| title=The National Agricultural Workers Survey| work=U.S. Department of Labor | accessdate=2013-03-28}} |
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{{Agriculture footer}} |
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[[Category:Farms| ]] |
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[[Category:Human habitats]] |
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[[Category:Land management]] |
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[[Category:Rural culture]] |
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[[Category:Rural geography]] |
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[[ro:Fazenda]] |
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Revision as of 21:19, 9 April 2014
YOU ARE A DICK