Father: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 18:57, 23 October 2008

SO yur wit ur honey, n ur making out wen the phone rigns. The voice is 'wutr u doing wit my daughter?" U hang up n tell ur girl. She say "my dad is ded."

THEN WHO WAS PHONE?

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 [[Image:Father with child.jpg|thumb|240px|Father with child]]
+SO yur wit ur honey, n ur making out wen the phone rigns. The voice is 'wutr u doing wit my daughter?" U hang up n tell ur girl. She say "my dad is ded."
-The '''father''' is defined as the [[male]] [[parent]] of an offspring.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=father |title=WordNet |accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref> The [[adjective]] "paternal" refers to father, parallel to "maternal" for [[mother]].
-According to the anthropologist [[Maurice Godelier]], the parental role assumed by human males is a critical difference between human society and that of humans' closest biological relatives - [[chimpanzees]] and [[bonobos]] - who appear to be unaware of their "father" connection.<ref>[[Maurice Godelier]], Métamorphoses de la parenté, 2004</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newleftreview.org/?view=2592 |title=New Left Review - Jack Goody: The Labyrinth of Kinship |accessdate=2007-07-24}}</ref>
-The father-child relationship is the defining factor of the fatherhood role.<ref>Early Childhood Longitudinal Study 2006. "Measuring Father Involvement in Young Children's Lives." National Center for Education Statistics. ''Fathers of the United States
-children born in 2001''.</ref><ref>Minnesota Fathers & Families Network. "Do We Count all the Fathers in Minnesota?" (Saint Paul, MN: Author, 2007). 51.</ref> "Fathers who are able to develop into responsible parents are able to engender a number of significant benefits for themselves, their communities, and most importantly, their children."<ref>Minnesota Fathers & Families Network. "Fathers to the Forefront: A five-year plan to strengthen Minnesota families." (Saint Paul, MN: Author. 2007).[http://www.mnfathers.org/fatherstotheforefront.pdf]</ref> Active father figures have a key role to play in reducing behaviour problems in boys and psychological problems in young women.<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080212095450.htm Children Who Have An Active Father Figure Have Fewer Psychological And Behavioral Problems]</ref>  For example, children who experience significant father involvement tend to exhibit higher scores on assessments of cognitive development, enhanced social skills and fewer behavior problems.<ref>Pruett, K. "Fatherneed: Why father care is as essential as mother care for your child," New York: Free Press, 2000.</ref><ref>"The Effects of Father Involvement: A Summary of the Research Evidence," Father Involvement Initiative Ontario Network, Fall 2002 newsletter.</ref><ref>Anderson Moore, K. "Family Structure and Child Well-being" Washington, DC: Child Trends, 2003.</ref>  An increased amount of father-child involvement has also proven to increase a child's social stability, educational achievement, and even their potential to have a solid marriage as an adult.  The children are also more curious about the world around them and develop greater problem solving skills.<ref>United States. National Center for Fathering, Kansas City, MO. Partnership for Family Involvement in Education. [http://www.ed.gov/pubs/parents/calltocommit/fathers.pdf A Call to Commitment: Fathers' Involvement in Children's Learning]. June, 2000</ref>  Children who were raised without fathers perceive themselves to be less cognitively and physically competent than their peers from father-present families.<ref name="Fatherless">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9363577?dopt=Abstract Children raised in fatherless families from infancy: family relationships and the socioemotional development of children of lesbian and single heterosexual mothers.]</ref>  Mothers raising children without fathers reported more severe disputes with their child.  Sons raised without fathers showed more feminine but no less masculine characteristics of gender role behavior.<ref name="Fatherless Followup">[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/jcpp/2004/00000045/00000008/art00009 Children raised in fatherless families from infancy: a follow-up of children of lesbian and single heterosexual mothers at early adolescence]</ref>
-The father is often seen as an [[authority]] figure.<ref>Osaki, Harumi ''[http://litthe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/frm019v1 Killing Oneself, Killing the Father: On Deleuze's Suicide in Comparison with Blanchot's Notion of Death]'' Literature and Theology, doi:10.1093/litthe/frm019</ref><ref>[Foucault's response to Freud: sado-masochism and the aestheticization of power http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2342/is_n3_v29/ai_18096757/pg_4]</ref><ref>Eva L. Corredor ''[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0016-111X%28199212%2966%3A2%3C295%3A%28OTFIM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1 (Dis)embodiments of the Father in Maghrebian Fiction].'' The French Review, Vol. 66, No. 2 (Dec., 1992), pp. 295-304</ref><ref>Paul Rosefeldt; Peter Lang, 1996. ''The Absent Father in Modern Drama'' [CHAPTER 3 - QUESTIONING THE FATHER'S AUTHORITY http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9916349]</ref> According to [[Deleuze]], the father authority exercises repression over sexual desire.<ref>[[Deleuze]], Gilles. ''Coldness and Cruelty.'' Masochism. Trans. Jean McNeil. New York: Zone, 1989. pp. 63-68. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3643/is_199510/ai_n8712575/pg_9]</ref> A common observation among scholars is that the authority of the father and of the [political] leader are closely intertwined, that there is a [[symbolic]] identification between domestic authority and national political leadership.<ref name="Borneman2004">Borneman, John (2004) ''Death Of The Father: An Anthropology Of The End In Political Authority'' ISBN 1571811117 [http://books.google.com/books?id=TjOsyebOTS8C] pp.1-2, 11-12, 75-75</ref> In this sense, links have been shown between the concepts of "[[patriarchal]]", "[[paternalistic]]", "[[cult of personality]]", "[[fascist]]", "[[totalitarian]]", "[[imperial]]".<ref name="Borneman2004"/> The fundamental common grounds between domestic and national authority, are the mechanisms of naming (exercise the authority  in someone's name) and [[identification]].<ref name="Borneman2004"/> In a patriarchal society, authority typically uses such rhetoric of fatherhood and family to implement their rule and advocate its legitimacy.<ref>[http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/pol.2006.29.1.151 AnthroSource | PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review - 29(1):151 - Citation<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+THEN WHO WAS PHONE?
-In the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] and aristocratic [[patriarchal]] family, "the husband and the father had a measure of political authority and served as intermediary between the household and the [[polity]]."<ref>David Foster ''[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0034-6705(199423)56%3A4%3C641%3ATTFJLC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 Taming the Father: John Locke's Critique of Patriarchal Fatherhood]''. The Review of Politics, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Autumn, 1994), pp. 641-670</ref><ref>[[Alexis de Tocqueville]] 1830</ref> In [[Western culture]] patriarchy and authority have been synonymous.<ref>WHITE, NICHOLAS [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3296/is_200012/ai_n7997587 review of] [http://www.ecampus.com/book/0804735603 Questioning the Father: From Darwin to Zola, Ibsen, Strindberg, and Hardy] Journal of European Studies,  December, 2000</ref> In the 19th century Europe, the idea was common, among both  traditionalist and revolutionaries, that the authority of the domestic father should "be made omnipotent in the family so that it becomes less necessary in the state".<ref>[[Jules Simon]] 1869</ref><ref>[[Michelle Perrot]] 1990 ''A History of Private Life'' p.167</ref><ref name="Borneman2004"/> In the second part of that century, there was an extension of the authority of the husband over his wife and the authority of the father over his children, including "increased demands for absolute [[obedience]] of children to the father".<ref name="Borneman2004"/> Europe saw the rise of "new ideological [[hegemony]] of the [[nuclear family]] form and a legal codification of patriarchy", which was contemporary with the solid spread of the "nation-state model as political norm of order".<ref name="Borneman2004"/>
-Like [[mother]]s, human fathers may be categorised according to their biological, social or legal [[personal relationship|relationship]] with the child.<ref>Minnesota Fathers & Families Network. "Do We Count Fathers in Minnesota?" (Saint Paul, MN: Author, 2007). 14.</ref> Historically, the biological relationship [[paternity]] has been determinative of fatherhood. However, [[Evidence (law)|proof]] of paternity has been intrinsically problematic and so social rules often determined who would be regarded as a father, e.g. the [[Marriage|husband]] of the [[mother]].
-This method of the determination of fatherhood has persisted since [[Roman law|Roman times]] in the famous sentence: ''Mater semper certa; pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant'' (Mother is always certain; the father is whom the marriage shows).  The historical approach has been destabilised with the recent emergence of accurate scientific testing, particularly [[Genetic fingerprinting|DNA testing]]. As a result, the [[family law|law on fatherhood]] is undergoing rapid changes.  In the United States, the [[List of Uniform Acts (United States)|Uniform Parentage Act]] essentially defines a father as a man who conceives a child through sexual intercourse.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}
-The most familiar English terms for ''father'' include ''dad'', ''daddy'', ''papa'', ''pop'' and ''pa''. Other colloquial expressions include ''my old man''.
-==Categories==
-[[Image:Family Reading Hour.jpg|thumb|240px| Father reading with children]]
-* '''Natural/Biological father''' - the most common category: child product of man and woman
-* '''Birth father''' - the biological father of a child who, due to adoption or parental separation, does not raise the child
-* '''Surprise father''' - where the men did not know that there was a child until possibly years afterwards
-* '''Posthumous father''' - father died before children were born (or even conceived in the case of artificial insemination)
-* '''Teenage father/youthful father''' - may be associated with premarital sexual intercourse
-* '''Non-parental father''' - unmarried father whose name does not appear on child's birth certificate: does not have legal responsibility but continues to have financial responsibility ([[United Kingdom|UK]])
-* '''[[Sperm donor]]''' father - a genetic connection but man does not have legal or financial responsibility if conducted through licensed clinics
-===Non-biological (social / legal relationship between father and child)===
-* '''Stepfather''' - wife has child from previous relationship
-* '''Father-in-law''' - the father of one's spouse
-* '''Adoptive father''' - child is adopted(not of their blood)
-* '''Foster father''' - child is raised by a man who is not the biological or adoptive father usually as part of a couple.
-* '''Cuckolded father''' - where child is the product of the mother's adulterous relationship
-* '''Social father''' - where man takes ''de facto'' responsibility for a child (in such a situation the child is known as a "child of the family" in English law)
-* '''Mothers's partner''' - assumption that current partner fills father role
-* '''Mothers's husband''' - under some jurisdictions (e.g. in [[Civil Code of Quebec|Quebec civil law]]), if the mother is married to another man, the latter will be defined as the father
-* '''DI Dad''' - social / legal father of children produced via Donor Insemination where a  donor's sperm were used to impregnate the DI Dad's spouse.
-===Fatherhood defined by contact level with child===
-* Weekend/holiday father - where child(ren) only stay(s) with father at weekends, holidays, etc.
-* Absent father - father who cannot or will not spend time with his child(ren)
-* Second father - a non-parent whose contact and support is robust enough that near parental bond occurs (often used for older male siblings who significantly aid in raising a child).
-* [[Stay at home dad]] - the male equivalent of a [[housewife]] with child
-* Where man in couple originally seeking [[in vitro fertilisation|IVF]] treatment withdraws consent before fertilisation (UK)
-* Where the apparently male partner in an [[in vitro fertilisation|IVF]] arrangement turns out to be legally a female (evidenced by birth certificate) at the time of the treatment (UK) (TLR 1st June 2006)
-:A biological child of a man who, for the special reason above, is not their legal father, has no automatic right to financial support or inheritance.  Legal fatherlessness refers to a legal status and not to the issue of whether the father is now dead or alive.
-==See also==
-Father can also refer metaphorically to a person who is considered the founder of a body of knowledge or of an institution.  In such context the meaning of "father" is similar to that of "founder". See [[List of people known as the father or mother of something]].
-{{wiktionary}}
-{{commonscat|Fathers}}
-* [[Paternal bond]]
-* [[Sociology of fatherhood]]
-* [[Non-human fatherhood]]
-* [[Fathers' rights]]
-* [[Responsible Fatherhood]]
-* [[Fathers' Day]]
-* [[Mother]]
-*[[God the Father]]
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-==Bibliography==
-*S Kraemer (1991) ''[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1991.00377.x/abs/ The Origins of Fatherhood: An Ancient Family Process]''. Family Process 30 (4), 377–392. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1991.00377.x
-{{Western kinship}}
-[[Category:Divorce]]
-[[Category:Human development]]
-[[Category:Family]]
-[[Category:Marriage]]
-[[Category:Men]]
-[[Category:Fatherhood]]
-[[ar:أب]]
-[[bs:Otac]]
-[[cs:Otec]]
-[[de:Vater]]
-[[es:Padre]]
-[[eo:Patro]]
-[[fa:پدر]]
-[[gl:Pai]]
-[[ko:아버지]]
-[[id:Ayah]]
-[[it:Padre (genitore)]]
-[[he:אבא]]
-[[la:Pater]]
-[[nl:Vaderschap]]
-[[nds-nl:Vaor]]
-[[ja:父親]]
-[[no:Far]]
-[[nn:Far]]
-[[nrm:Péthe]]
-[[pl:Ojciec]]
-[[pt:Pai]]
-[[qu:Tayta]]
-[[ru:Отец]]
-[[scn:Patri]]
-[[simple:Father]]
-[[sk:Otec]]
-[[sr:Отац]]
-[[fi:Isä]]
-[[sv:Fader]]
-[[th:พ่อ]]
-[[tr:Baba (terim)]]
-[[ur:باپ]]
-[[yi:טאטע]]
-[[zh-yue:阿爸]]
-[[zh:父親]]