Faulhaber's formula

In mathematics, Faulhaber's formula, named after Johann Faulhaber, expresses the sum

$\sum _{k=1}^{x}k^{p}=1^{p}+2^{p}+3^{p}+\cdots +x^{p}$

as a (p + 1)th-degree polynomial function of x, the coefficients involving Bernoulli numbers.

Note: By the most usual convention, the Bernoulli numbers are

$B_{0}=1,\quad B_{1}={-1 \over 2},\quad B_{2}={1 \over 6},\quad B_{3}=0,\quad B_{4}={-1 \over 30},\quad \dots$

But for the moment we follow a convention seen less often, that B₁ = +1/2, and all the other Bernoulli numbers remain as above (but see below for more on this).

The formula says

$\sum _{k=1}^{x}k^{p}={1 \over p+1}\sum _{j=0}^{p}{p+1 \choose j}B_{j}x^{p+1-j}\qquad \left({\mbox{with }}B_{1}={1 \over 2}{\mbox{ rather than }}{-1 \over 2}\right)$

(the index j runs only up to p, not up to p + 1).

Faulhaber did not know the formula in this form. He did know at least the first 17 cases and the fact that when the exponent is odd, then the sum is a polynomial function of the sum in the special case that the exponent is 1. He also knew some remarkable generalizations (see Knuth).

The first several cases

$1+2+3+\cdots +x={x^{2}+x \over 2}$

$1^{2}+2^{2}+3^{2}+\cdots +x^{2}={2x^{3}+3x^{2}+x \over 6}$

$1^{3}+2^{3}+3^{3}+\cdots +x^{3}={x^{4}+2x^{3}+x^{2} \over 4}$

$1^{4}+2^{4}+3^{4}+\cdots +x^{4}={6x^{5}+15x^{4}+10x^{3}-x \over 30}$

$1^{5}+2^{5}+3^{5}+\cdots +x^{5}={2x^{6}+6x^{5}+5x^{4}-x^{2} \over 12}$

$1^{6}+2^{6}+3^{6}+\cdots +x^{6}={6x^{7}+21x^{6}+21x^{5}-7x^{3}+x \over 42}$

Another form

One may see the formula stated with terms running from 1 to x − 1 rather than from 1 to x. In that case, the only thing that changes is that we take B₁ = −1/2 rather the +1/2, so that term of second-highest degree in each case has a minus sign rather than a plus sign.

Relation to Bernoulli polynomials

One may also write

$\sum _{k=0}^{x}k^{p}={\frac {\varphi _{p+1}(x+1)-\varphi _{p+1}(0)}{p+1}},$

where φ_j is the jth Bernoulli polynomial.

Umbral form

In the classic umbral calculus one formally treats the indices j in a sequence B_j" as if they were exponents, so that, in this case we can apply the binomial theorem and say

$\sum _{k=1}^{x}k^{p}=\sum _{j=0}^{p}{p+1 \choose j}B_{j}x^{p+1-j}={1 \over p+1}\sum _{j=0}^{p}{p+1 \choose j}B^{j}x^{p+1-j}$

$={(B+x)^{p+1}-B^{p+1} \over p+1}.$

In the modern umbral calculus, one considers the linear functional T on the vector space of polynomials in a variable b given by

$T(b^{j})=B_{j}.\,$

Then one can say

$\sum _{k=1}^{x}k^{p}=\sum _{j=0}^{p}{p+1 \choose j}B_{j}x^{p+1-j}={1 \over p+1}\sum _{j=0}^{p}{p+1 \choose j}T(b^{j})x^{p+1-j}$

$={1 \over p+1}T\left(\sum _{j=0}^{p}{p+1 \choose j}b^{j}x^{p+1-j}\right)=T\left({(b+x)^{p+1}-b^{p+1} \over p+1}\right).$

Faulhaber polynomials

The term Faulhaber polynomials is used by some authors to refer to something other than the polynomial sequence given above. Faulhaber observed that if p is odd, then

$1^{p}+2^{p}+3^{p}+\cdots +x^{p}\,$

is a polynomial function of

$y=1+2+3+\cdots +x.\,$

In particular

$1^{3}+2^{3}+3^{3}+\cdots +x^{3}=y^{2}\,$

$1^{5}+2^{5}+3^{5}+\cdots +x^{5}={4y^{3}-y^{2} \over 3}$

$1^{7}+2^{7}+3^{7}+\cdots +x^{7}={12y^{4}-8y^{3}+2y^{2} \over 6}$

$1^{9}+2^{9}+3^{9}+\cdots +x^{9}={16y^{5}-20y^{4}+12y^{3}-3y^{2} \over 5}$

$1^{11}+2^{11}+3^{11}+\cdots +x^{11}={32y^{6}-64y^{5}+68y^{4}-40y^{3}+5y^{2} \over 6}$

Some authors call these polynomials in y "Faulhaber polynomials".

References and external links

• The Book of Numbers, John H. Conway, Richard Guy, Spring, 1998, ISBN 038797993X, page 107
• CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Eric Weisstein, Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2003, ISBN 1584883472, page 2331
• "Johann Faulhaber and Sums of Powers" by Donald Knuth
• Faulhaber's formula on MathWorld
• "Darinnen die miraculosische Inventiones zu den höchsten Cossen weiters continuirt und profitiert werden", Academia Algebrae, Johann Faulhaber, Augpurg, bey Johann Ulrich Schöigs, 1631. Call number QA154.8 F3 1631a f MATH at Stanford University Libraries.