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'''Fiber''', [[American and British English spelling differences#-re, -er|also spelled]] '''fibre''', is a class of [[material]]s that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of [[yarn|thread]]. They are very important in the [[biology]] of both [[plant]]s and [[animal]]s, for holding [[tissue (biology)|tissue]]s together. Human uses for fibers are diverse. They can be spun into [[wiktionary:Filament|filament]]s, [[twine|string]] or [[rope]], used as a component of [[composite material]]s, or matted into sheets to make products such as [[paper]] or [[felt]]. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. Synthetic fibers can be produced very cheaply and in large amounts compared to natural fibers, but natural fibers enjoy some benefits, such as comfort, over their man-made counterparts. |
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==Textile fiber== |
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A unit in which many complicated textile structures are built up is said to be [[textile fibre]]. |
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==Natural fibers== |
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{{Main|Natural fiber}} |
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Natural fibers include those produced by plants, animals, and geological processes. They are biodegradable over time. They can be classified according to their origin: |
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*[[fiber crop|Vegetable fiber]]s are generally based on arrangements of [[cellulose]], often with [[lignin]]: examples include [[cotton]], [[Cannabis sativa|hemp]], [[jute]], [[flax]], [[ramie]], and [[sisal]]. Plant fibers are employed in the manufacture of [[paper]] and [[textile]] (cloth), and [[dietary fiber]] is an important component of human nutrition. |
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*[[Wood fibre|Wood fiber]], distinguished from vegetable fiber, is from tree sources. Forms include groundwood, thermomechanical pulp (TMP) and bleached or unbleached kraft or sulfite pulps. Kraft and sulfite, also called sulphite, refer to the type of pulping process used to remove the lignin bonding the original wood structure, thus freeing the fibers for use in paper and [[engineered wood]] products such as [[fiberboard]]. |
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*[[Animal fiber]]s consist largely of particular proteins. Instances are [[spider silk]], [[sinew]], [[catgut]], [[wool]] and hair such as cashmere, mohair and angora, fur such as sheepskin, rabbit, mink, fox, beaver, etc. |
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*[[Mineral fiber]]s comprise [[asbestos]]. Asbestos is the only naturally occurring long [[mineral]] fiber. Short, fiber-like minerals include [[wollastonite]], [[Palygorskite|attapulgite]] and [[halloysite]]. |
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==Man-made fibers== |
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'''[[Synthetic fiber|Synthetic]]''' or '''man-made fibers''' generally come from synthetic materials such as [[petrochemical]]s. But some types of synthetic fibers are manufactured from natural [[cellulose]], including [[rayon]], [[Modal (textile)|modal]], and the more recently developed [[Lyocell]]. [[cellulose fiber|Cellulose-based fibers]] are of two types, regenerated or pure cellulose such as from the cupro-ammonium process and modified cellulose such as the cellulose acetates. |
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Fiber classification in reinforced plastics falls into two classes: (i) short fibers, also known as discontinuous fibers, with a general aspect ratio (defined as the ratio of fiber length to diameter) between 20 to 60, and (ii) long fibers, also known as continuous fibers, the general aspect ratio is between 200 to 500<ref>Serope Kalpakjian, Steven R Schmid. "Manufacturing Engineering and Technology". International edition. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall, Inc. 2001. ISBN 0-13-017440-8.</ref>. |
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===Cellulose fibers=== |
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* [[Cellulose fiber]]s are a subset of man-made fibers, regenerated from natural [[cellulose]]. The cellulose comes from various sources. [[Modal (textile)|Modal]] is made from beech trees, [[bamboo fiber]] is a cellulose fiber made from bamboo, seacell is made from [[seaweed]], etc. |
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===Mineral fibers=== |
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* [[Fiberglass]], made from specific glass, and [[optical fiber]], made from purified natural [[quartz]], are also man-made fibers that come from natural raw materials. |
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* Metallic fibers can be drawn from ductile metals such as copper, gold or silver and extruded or deposited from more brittle ones, such as nickel, aluminum or iron. |
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* [[Carbon fiber]]s are often based on carbonised polymers, but the end product is pure carbon. |
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===Polymer fibers=== |
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*[[Polymer fiber]]s are a subset of man-made fibers, which are based on synthetic chemicals (often from [[petrochemical]] sources) rather than arising from natural materials by a purely physical process. These fibers are made from: |
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** polyamide [[nylon]], |
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** PET or PBT [[polyester]] |
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** phenol-formaldehyde (PF) |
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** polyvinyl alcohol fiber (PVA) |
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** polyvinyl chloride fiber (PVC) |
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** polyolefins (PP and PE) |
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** [[Acrylic fiber|acrylic]] polyesters, pure [[polyester]] PAN fibers are used to make [[carbon fiber]] by roasting them in a low oxygen environment. Traditional acrylic fiber is used more often as a synthetic replacement for wool. Carbon fibers and PF fibers are noted as two resin-based fibers that are not thermoplastic, most others can be melted. |
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** [[aramid|Aromatic polyamids]] (aramids) such as Twaron, Kevlar and Nomex thermally degrade at high temperatures and do not melt. These fibers have strong bonding between polymer chains |
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** [[polyethylene]] (PE), eventually with extremely long chains / [[Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene|HMPE]] (e.g. Dyneema or Spectra). |
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** [[Elastomer]]s can even be used, e.g. [[spandex]] although urethane fibers are starting to replace spandex technology. |
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** [[polyurethane]] fiber |
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*Coextruded fibers have two distinct polymers forming the fiber, usually as a core-sheath or side-by-side. Coated fibers exist such as nickel-coated to provide static elimination, silver-coated to provide anti-bacterial properties and aluminum-coated to provide RF deflection for [[Chaff (radar countermeasure)|radar chaff]]. Radar chaff is actually a spool of continuous glass tow that has been aluminum coated. An aircraft-mounted high speed cutter chops it up as it spews from a moving aircraft to confuse radar signals. |
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===Microfibers=== |
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Micro fibers in textiles refer to sub-denier fiber (such as polyester drawn to 0.5 dn). Denier and Detex are two measurements of fiber yield based on weight and length. If the fiber density is known you also have a fiber diameter, otherwise it is simpler to measure diameters in micrometers. Microfibers in technical fibers refer to ultra fine fibers (glass or meltblown thermoplastics) often used in filtration. Newer fiber designs include extruding fiber that splits into multiple finer fibers. Most synthetic fibers are round in cross-section, but special designs can be hollow, oval, star-shaped or trilobal. The latter design provides more optically reflective properties. Synthetic textile fibers are often crimped to provide bulk in a woven, non woven or knitted structure. Fiber surfaces can also be dull or bright. Dull surfaces reflect more light while bright tends to transmit light and make the fiber more transparent. |
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Very short and/or irregular fibers have been called fibrils. Natural cellulose, such as cotton or bleached kraft, show smaller fibrils jutting out and away from the main fiber structure. |
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==See also== |
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*[[Optical fiber]] |
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*[[Fiber crop]] |
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*[[Tensile strength]] |
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*[[Molded pulp]] |
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*[[Dietary fiber]] |
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*[[Glossary of differential geometry and topology |Fibers in Differential Geometry]] |
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*[[International Year of Natural Fibres]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{fibers}} |
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{{textile arts}} |
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[[Category:Fibers| ]] |
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[[Category:Materials]] |
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[[Category:textiles]] |
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{{Link FA|hu}} |
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[[ar:ألياف النسيج]] |
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[[ca:Fibra tèxtil]] |
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[[cs:Filament]] |
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[[de:Faser]] |
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[[es:Fibra textil]] |
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[[eo:Fibro]] |
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[[fa:الیاف (نساجی)]] |
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[[fr:Fibre]] |
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[[ko:섬유]] |
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[[io:Fibro]] |
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[[id:Serat]] |
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[[is:Trefjar]] |
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[[it:Fibra tessile]] |
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[[kn:ನಾರು]] |
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[[lt:Skaidula]] |
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[[hu:Szálasanyagok]] |
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[[nl:Vezel]] |
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[[ja:繊維]] |
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[[no:Fiber]] |
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[[pl:Włókno]] |
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[[pt:Fibra]] |
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[[qu:Q'aytucha]] |
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[[ru:Волокно]] |
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[[sq:Fibrat]] |
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[[simple:Fibre]] |
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[[fi:Kuitu]] |
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[[ta:இழை]] |
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[[tr:Lif]] |
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[[uk:Волокно]] |
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[[zh:纤维]] |
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Revision as of 18:24, 17 November 2009
boy the things i do to be on a horse right now!!!!!