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File:Geology of the Richmond Basin 1899 Plate XXII.jpg

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Summary

Description
English: Plate XXII from The Geology of the Richmond Basin published by USGS, which has the following caption:
Coarse conglomerate, western border (of the Richmond Basin), near Three Chop Road. The gneiss bowlder in the foreground is 6 feet long.
The text of the report refers to the figure as follows:
The bowlders of gneiss and pegmatitic granite here assume large dimensions. One rounded block of gneiss is upwards of 6 feet long, 4 feet wide, and as much as 2 feet thick. The accompanying photograph (Pl. XXII) exhibits this bowlder and the adjacent smaller fragments, together with the characteristic pell-mell structure which results from some of the fragments lying on their sides and some on their ends. The bowlders exhibit none of the decomposition and disintegration previous to their deposition which must be supposed to have taken place in the case of the granitites of the eastern margin of the Richmond area. As will be shown in this report, deposition in this area began with land to the eastward strewn with the products of the weathering of granites. The difference in aspect between these bowlder deposits of the western margin and the basal arkose beds of the eastern margin is in part accounted for by the presence of metamorphosed quartz-porphyries in the gneiss of the former district. It is a noticeable fact in the rocks of the Atlantic slope that the ancient surface or volcanic equivalents of granite, viz, quartz-porphyry and felsite, weather much more slowly than rocks of the granitic family under the same conditions of exposure to the atmosphere. This difference in the nature of the rocks of the eastern and western margins of the Richmond area, coupled with the probable action of water in removing the finer products of disintegration from bowldery accumulations, makes it possible to regard the Boscabel beds as local phases of the area of deposition.

Later the report states:

The outlying small tracts of Newark rocks on the eastern border have their counterpart on the western edge of the field. How far out upon the surrounding crystalline region these patches may be found to the westward is not known. There is reason for believing that they may be widely distributed between the known Newark areas. One such patch of the Newark beds, composed of a coarse conglomerate (see Pl. XXII), is crossed by the Manakintown road north of the Three Chop road crossing. The bounds of this small area, not heretofore shown on maps, are not precisely ascertainable. Outcrops of gneiss occur between this area and the main Richmond basin on the east and gneiss appears again on the north, so that it seems to be somewhat closely circumscribed. The structure of this area is not revealed.
Date
Source Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and Jay Backus Woodworth, 1899. Geology of the Richmond Basin, Virginia. U.S. Government Printing Office. United States Geological Survey.
Author USGS

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Conglomerate with gneiss boulder

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