Fin whale: Difference between revisions
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{{redirect|Finback|the U.S. submarines of this name|USS Finback}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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| name = Fin Whale |
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| status = EN |
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| status_system = iucn2.3 |
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| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{IUCN2006|assessors=Cetacean Specialist Group|year=1996|id=2478|title=Balaenoptera physalus|downloaded=10 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is endangered </ref> |
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| image = LMazzuca_Fin_Whale.jpg |
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| image_caption = A Fin Whale surfaces in the [[Kenai Fjords National Park|Kenai Fjords]], Alaska |
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| image2 = Fin_whale_size.svg |
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| image2_caption = Size comparison against an average human |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| phylum = [[Chordata]] |
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| classis = [[Mammal]]ia |
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| subclassis = [[Eutheria]] |
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| ordo = [[Cetacea]] |
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| subordo = [[Mysticeti]] |
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| familia = [[Balaenoptiidae]] |
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| genus = ''[[Balaenoptera]]'' |
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| species = '''''B. physalus''''' |
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| binomial = ''Balaenoptera physalus'' |
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| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) |
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| range_map = cetacea_range_map_Fin_Whale.PNG |
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| range_map_caption = Fin Whale range |
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}} |
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The '''Fin Whale''' (''Balaenoptera physalus''), also called the '''Finback Whale''' or '''Razorback''' or '''Common Rorqual''', is a marine [[mammal]] belonging to the suborder of [[baleen whale]]s. It is the second largest whale and the second largest living animal after the [[Blue Whale]],<ref name="marinebio">{{cite web|url=http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=40|title=''Balaenoptera physalus'' Fin Whale|publisher=MarineBio.org|accessdate=2006-10-23}}</ref> growing to nearly 27 [[meter]]s (88 [[foot (unit of length)|ft]]) long.<ref name="marinebio"/> |
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Long and slender, the Fin Whale's body is brownish-grey with a paler underside. There are at least two distinct subspecies: the Northern Fin Whale of the North Atlantic, and the larger Antarctic Fin Whale of the [[Southern Ocean]]. It is found in all the world's major oceans, from [[polar region|polar]] to [[tropical]] waters. It is absent only from waters close to the [[Polar ice packs|ice pack]] at both the [[North pole|north]] and [[South pole|south]] poles and relatively small areas of water away from the open ocean. The highest population density occurs in [[temperate]] and cool waters.<ref name="nmfs">{{cite book|author=National Marine Fisheries Service | year = 2006 | title=Draft recovery plan for the fin whale (''Balaenoptera physalus'')| publisher = National Marine Fisheries Service | location = Silver Spring, Maryland | url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/recovery/draft_finwhale.pdf | format = pdf}}</ref> |
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Its food consists of small schooling fish, [[squid]] and [[crustacean]]s including [[Mysidacea|mysids]] and [[krill]]. |
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Like all other large whales, the Fin Whale was heavily hunted during the twentieth century and is an [[endangered species]]. The [[International Whaling Commission]] (IWC) has issued a moratorium on commercial hunting of this whale,<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.iwcoffice.org/conservation/rms.htm | title = Revised Management Scheme | publisher = [[International Whaling Commission]] | accessdate = 2006-11-07}}</ref> although [[Iceland]] and [[Japan]] have announced intentions to resume hunting, the latter country stating it will kill a quota of 50 whales for the 2008 season. Collisions with ships and noise from human activity are also significant threats to the recovery of the species. |
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==Taxonomy== |
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{{seealso|Evolution of cetaceans}} |
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[[Image:Rorqual phylogenetic tree.svg|left|thumbnail|A [[cladogram]] of animals related to the Fin Whale]] |
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The Fin Whale has long been known to [[taxonomist]]s, first described by Frederick Martens in 1675 and then again by [[Paul Dudley]] in 1725. These descriptions were used as the basis of [[Carolus Linnaeus]]' ''Balaena physalus'' (1758).<ref>{{la icon}} {{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=C | authorlink=Carolus Linnaeus | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. | publisher=Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). | date=1758| pages=824 | url=http://dz1.gdz-cms.de/index.php?id=img&no_cache=1&IDDOC=265100}}</ref>{{dead link|date=January 2008}} The [[Bernard Germain Etienne de la Ville, Comte de Lacepede|Comte de Lacepede]] reclassified it as ''Balaenoptera physalus'' early in the nineteenth century. The specific name comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''physa'', meaning blows. |
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Fin Whales are [[rorquals]] (family [[Balaenopteridae]]), a family that includes the [[Humpback Whale]], the [[Blue Whale]], the [[Bryde's Whale]], the [[Sei Whale]] and the [[Minke Whale]]. The family [[Balaenopteridae]] diverged from the other families of the suborder [[Mysticeti]] as long ago as the middle [[Miocene]].<ref name="evolution">{{cite book ||isbn = 0071427848 | title = McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science & Technology | year = 2004 | publisher = The McGraw Hill Companies | chapter = Whale Evolution | author = Gingerich, P.}}</ref> However, it is not known when the members of these families diverged from each other. [[Hybrid (biology)|Hybridization]] between the Blue Whale and the Fin Whale is known to occur at least occasionally in the North [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]]<ref name="berube and aguilar">{{cite journal | author = Bérubé, M. | coauthors = A. Aguilar | title = A new hybrid between a blue whale, ''Balaenoptera musculus'', and a fin whale, ''B. physalus'': frequency and implications of hybridization | journal = Mar. Mamm. Sci. | volume = 14 | pages = 82 – 98 | year = 1998 | url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00692.x?cookieSet=1&journalCode=mms | doi = 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00692.x}}</ref> and in the North [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]].<ref name="doroshenko">{{cite journal | author = Doroshenko, V.N. | year = 1970 | title = A whale with features of the fin and blue whale (in Russian) | journal = Izvestia TINRO | volume = 70 | pages = 225–257 }}</ref> |
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As of 2006, there are two named [[subspecies]], each with distinct physical features and vocalizations. ''B. p. physalus'' (Linnaeus 1758), or Northern Fin Whale, is found in the North Atlantic, and ''B. p. quoyi'' (Fischer 1829), or Antarctic Fin Whale, is found in the [[Southern Ocean]].<ref name="itis">{{ITIS | ID = 180527 | taxon = Balaenoptera physalus | year = 2006 | date = 23 October}}</ref> Most experts consider the Fin Whales of the North Pacific to be a third unnamed subspecies.<ref name="nmfs"/> On a global scale, the three groups rarely mix, if at all. |
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==Description and behaviour== |
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[[Image:Fin whale dorsal fin.jpg|thumb|left|Fin Whale dorsal fin]] |
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The Fin Whale is usually distinguished by its great length and slender build. The average size of males and females is 19 and 20 metres (62 and 66 ft), respectively. Subspecies in the [[northern hemisphere]] are known to reach lengths of up to 24 metres (79 ft), and the Antarctic subspecies reaches lengths of up to 26.8 metres (88 ft).<ref name="marinebio"/> A full-sized adult has never been weighed, but calculations suggest that a 25 metre (82 ft) animal could weigh as much as 70,000 [[kilogram]]s (154,000 [[pound (mass)|lb]]). Full physical [[maturity]] is not attained until between 25 and 30 years, although Fin Whales have been known to live to 94 years of age.<ref name="martin">{{cite book | last=Martin | first=Anthony R. | title=Whales and dolphins | publisher=Salamander Books | location=London | year=1991}}</ref> A newborn Fin Whale measures about 6.5 metres (21 ft) in length and weighs approximately 1,800 kilograms (4,000 lb).<ref name="ADW">{{cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Balaenoptera_physalus.html|title=Balaenoptera physalus (fin whale)|publisher=Animal Diversity Web|author=Fox, David|accessdate=2006-10-22|year=2001}}</ref> The animal's large size aids in identification, and it is usually only confused with the [[Blue Whale]], the [[Sei Whale]], or, in warmer waters, [[Bryde's Whale]]. |
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[[Image:Fin whale head shot.jpg|thumb|A view of the Fin Whale's distinctive paired blowholes]] |
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The Fin Whale has a brownish grey top and sides and a whitish underside. It has a pointed snout, paired [[Blowhole (biology)|blowholes]], and a broad, flat [[rostrum]]. Two lighter-coloured [[Chevron (insigne)|chevrons]] begin midline behind the blowholes and slant down the sides toward the tail on a diagonal upward to the [[dorsal fin]], sometimes re-curving forward on the back.<ref name="marinebio"/> It has a large white patch on the right side of the lower jaw, while the left side of the jaw is grey or black.<ref name="ADW"/> This type of [[asymmetry]] can be seen occasionally in [[Minke Whale]]s, but the Fin Whale's asymmetry is universal and thus is unique among [[cetaceans]] and is one of the keys to making a full identification. It was [[Hypothesis|hypothesized]] to have evolved because the whale swims on its right side when surface lunging and it often circles to the right while at the surface above a prey patch. However, the whales just as often circle to the left. There is no accepted hypothesis to explain the asymmetry.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tershy, B. R.|coauthors=D. Wiley|title=Asymmetrical pigmentation in the fin whale: a test of two feeding related hypotheses|year=1992|journal=Marine Mammal Science |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=315–318 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-7692.1992.tb00416.x}}</ref> |
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The whale has a series of 56–100 [[pleat]]s or grooves along the bottom of the body that run from the tip of the [[chin]] to the [[navel]] that allow the throat area to expand greatly during feeding. It has a curved, prominent (60 [[centimetre|cm]], 24 [[inch|in]]) dorsal fin about three-quarters of the way along the back. Its [[Flipper (anatomy)|flippers]] are small and tapered, and its tail is wide, pointed at the tip, and notched in the centre.<ref name="marinebio"/> |
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When the whale surfaces, the dorsal fin is visible soon after the spout. The spout is vertical and narrow and can reach heights of 6 metres.<ref name="ADW"/> The whale will blow one to several times on each visit to the surface, staying close to the surface for about one and a half [[minute]]s each time. The tail remains submerged during the surfacing sequence. It then dives to depths of up to 250 metres (820 ft), each dive lasting between 10 and 15 minutes. Fin Whales have been known to [[whale surfacing behaviour|leap]] completely out of the water.<ref name="ADW"/> |
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===Life history=== |
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[[Mating]] occurs in temperate, low-latitude seas during the winter, and the [[gestation period]] is eleven months to one year. A newborn [[wean]]s from its mother at 6 or 7 months of age when it is 11 or 12 metres (36 to 39 ft) in length, and the [[calf]] follows the mother to the winter feeding ground. Females reproduce every 2 to 3 years, with as many as 6 [[foetus]]es being reported, but single births are far more common. Females reach sexual maturity at between 3 and 12 years of age.<ref name="ADW"/> |
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===Feeding=== |
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[[Image:Fin Whale feeding.jpg|thumb|Overhead view of a Fin Whale feeding]] |
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The Fin Whale is a filter-feeder, feeding on small schooling fish, [[squid]] and [[crustacean]]s including [[Mysidacea|mysids]] and [[krill]].<ref name="ADW"/> It feeds by opening its jaws while swimming at a relatively high speed, 11 kilometres per hour (7 mph) in one study,<ref name="ubc07">{{cite web|url = http://www.publicaffairs.ubc.ca/ubcreports/2007/07jun07/whale.html | date = [[2007-06-07]] | publisher = University of British Columbia | title = Whale Has Super-sized Big Gulp | author = Lin, Brian | accessdate = 2007-06-08}}</ref> which causes it to engulf up to {{convert|70|m3|USgal impgal|-3|lk=on}} of water in one gulp. It then closes its jaws and pushes the water back out of its mouth through its [[baleen]], which allows the water to leave while trapping the prey. An adult has between 262 and 473 baleen plates on each side of the mouth. Each plate is made of [[keratin]] that frays out into fine hairs on the ends inside the mouth near the tongue. Each plate can measure up to 76 centimetres (30 inches) in length and 30 centimetres (12 inches) in width.<ref name="marinebio"/> The whale routinely dives to depths of more than 200 metres (650 ft), where it executes an average of four "lunges", where it feeds on aggregations of krill. Each gulp provides the whale with approximately 10 kilograms (20 lb) of krill.<ref name="ubc07"/> One whale can consume up to 1,800 kilograms (4,000 lb) of food a day,<ref name="marinebio"/> leading scientists to conclude that the whale spends about three hours of each day feeding to meet its energy requirements, roughly the same as humans. If the prey patches are not sufficiently dense, or are located too deep in the water, the whale has to spend a larger portion of its day searching for food.<ref name="ubc07"/> Fin Whales have also been observed circling schools of fish at high speed, compacting the school into a tight ball, then turning on its side before engulfing the fish.<ref name="marinebio"/> |
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===Behaviour=== |
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The Fin Whale is one of the fastest [[cetacea]]ns and can sustain speeds of 37 kilometres per hour (23 [[mph]], 20 [[knot (speed)|knots]]),<ref name="ADW"/> and bursts in excess of 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph, 22 knots) have been recorded, earning the Fin Whale the nickname "the [[greyhound]] of the deep".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.ca/notebooks/english/finwale.htm |title=Fin Whale |
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|publisher=nature.ca: Canadian Museum of Nature|accessdate=2006-10-22}}</ref> |
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Fin Whales are more gregarious than other rorquals, and often live in groups of 6–10 individuals, although on the feeding grounds aggregations of up to 100 animals may be observed.<ref name="martin" /> |
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===Vocalizations=== |
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{{seealso|Whale song|List of whale songs}} |
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{| class="toccolours" style="float:right;margin-left: 1em;" |
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|- style="text-align: center;" |
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|'''Multimedia relating to the Fin Whale'''<br/><div class="small">''Note that the whale calls have been sped up 10x from their original speed.''</div> |
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|- |
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|{{multi-listen start}} |
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{{multi-listen item|filename=FinWhaleAtlantic-10x.ogg|title=A Fin Whale song|description=Recorded in the Atlantic|format=[[Ogg]]}} |
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{{multi-listen end}} |
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|} |
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Like other whales, the male Fin Whale has been observed to make long, loud, low-[[frequency]] sounds.<ref name="ADW"/> The vocalizations of Blue and Fin Whales are the lowest known sounds made by any animal.<ref name=Payne>{{cite book|last=Payne |first=Roger|title=Among Whales|publisher=Scribner |date=1995|location=New York|pages=176|id=ISBN 0-684-80210-4 }}</ref> Most sounds are [[frequency-modulated]] (FM) down-swept infrasonic pulses from 16 to 40 [[hertz]] frequency (the range of sounds that most humans can hear falls between 20 hertz and 20 kilohertz). Each sound lasts between one to two [[second]]s, and various combinations of sounds occur in patterned sequences lasting 7 to 15 minutes each. These sequences are then repeated in bouts lasting up to many days.<ref name="cornell">{{cite web | url=http://www.birds.cornell.edu/brp/listen-to-project-sounds/fin-whales | title = Finback Whales | publisher = Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology | accessdate=2006-10-26}}</ref> The vocal sequences have [[Sonar#Performance_prediction|source level]]s of up to 184–186 [[decibel]]s relative to 1 [[Pascal (unit)|micropascal]] at a reference distance of one [[metre]], and can be detected hundreds of miles from their source.<Ref name = "Richardson1995">W. J. Richardson, C. R. Greene, C. I. Malme and D. H. Thomson, Marine Mammals and Noise (Academic Press, San Diego, 1995).</Ref> |
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When Fin Whale sounds were first recorded by US biologists, researchers did not realize that these unusually loud, long, pure, and regular sounds were being made by whales. They first investigated the possibilities that the sounds were due to equipment malfunction, [[geophysical]] phenomena, or even part of a [[Soviet Union]] scheme for detecting enemy submarines. Eventually, biologists demonstrated that the sounds were the vocalizations of Fin Whales.<ref name=Payne/> |
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Direct association of these vocalizations with the reproductive season for the species and that only males make the sounds point to these vocalizations as possible reproductive displays.<ref name="croll">{{cite journal |author=Croll, D.A.| coauthors=Clark, C.W., Acevedo, A., Flores, S., Gedamke, J., and Urban, J. |year=2002 |journal=Nature |volume=417 |number=6891 |page=809 |title=Only male fin wales sing loud songs |url=http://polymer.bu.edu/hes/articles/aabmsss02.pdf |format=pdf |pages=809 |doi=10.1038/417809a}}</ref><ref name="tyack">{{cite journal |url=http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JASMAN000082000006001901000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes |journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |volume=82 |issue=6 |pages=1901–1902 |author=Watkins, W. |coauthors=Tyack, P., Moore, K., Bird, J. |title=The 20 Hz signals of finback whales (Balaenoptera physalus)}}</ref> Over the past 100 years, the dramatic increase in ocean noise from shipping and naval activity may have slowed the recovery of the Fin Whale population, by impeding communications between males and sexually receptive females.<ref name="cornell02">{{cite web | title = Humanity's din in the oceans could be blocking whales' courtship songs and population recovery | url = http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/June02/ocean_noise.hrs.html | date = [[2002-06-19]] | author = Segelken, R. | accessed = 2006-11-11 | publisher = Cornell University}}</ref> |
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==Habitat and migration== |
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[[Image:Fin whale from air.jpg|thumb|right|Fin Whales may reach lengths of up to 26.8 metres (88 ft).]] |
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Like many of the large rorquals, the Fin Whale is a [[cosmopolitan species]]. It is found in all the world's major oceans, and in waters ranging from the [[polar]] to the tropical. It is absent only from waters close to the [[ice pack]] at both the north and south extremities and relatively small areas of water away from the large oceans, such as the [[Red Sea]], the [[Persian Gulf]], the eastern part of the [[Mediterranean]] and the [[Baltic Sea]]. The highest population density occurs in temperate and cool waters. It is less densely populated in the hottest, [[equator]]ial regions. It prefers deep waters beyond the [[continental shelf]] to shallow waters. |
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The North Atlantic Fin Whale has an extensive distribution, occurring from the [[Gulf of Mexico]] and [[Mediterranean Sea]], northward to the edges of the Arctic ice pack. In general, Fin Whales are more common north of approximately 30°N [[latitude]], but considerable confusion arises about their occurrence south of 30°N latitude because of the difficulty in distinguishing Fin Whales from Bryde's Whales.<ref name="mead">{{cite journal | author = Mead, J.G. | year = 1977 | journal = Rep. int. Whal. Commn | volume = Spec. Iss. 1 | title = Records of Sei and Bryde's whales from the Atlantic Coast of the United States, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean | pages=113–116 | id= ISBN 0-906975-03-4}}</ref> Extensive ship surveys have led researchers to conclude that the summer feeding range of Fin Whales in the western North Atlantic was mainly between 41°20'N and 51°00'N, from shore seaward to the 1,000 [[fathom]] (1,800 m) contour.<ref name="mitchell 1974">{{cite book | author = Mitchell, E. |title = The Whale Problem: A Status Report | editor = W.E. Schevill (ed.) | pages=108–169 | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, MA | year = 1974 | chapter = Present status of Northwest Atlantic fin and other whale stocks | id= ISBN 0-674-95075-5 }}</ref> |
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Summer distribution of Fin Whales in the North Pacific is the immediate offshore waters from central [[Baja California]] to [[Japan]], and as far north as the [[Chukchi Sea]] bordering the [[Arctic Ocean]].<ref name="rice">{{cite book | author=Rice, D.W.| year = 1974 | chapter = Whales and whale research in the eastern North Pacific | title = The Whale Problem: A Status Report | pages = 170–195 | editor = W.E. Schevill (ed.) | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, MA | id= ISBN 0-674-95075-5 }}</ref> They occur in high densities in the northern [[Gulf of Alaska]] and southeastern [[Bering Sea]] between May and October, with some movement through the [[Aleutian]] passes into and out of the Bering Sea.<ref name="reeves">{{cite journal | author=Reeves, R.R.| coauthors = M.W. Brown| year = 1985| title=Whaling in the Bay of Fundy | journal = Whalewatcher| volume =19 | issue = 4| pages=14–18}}</ref> Several whales tagged between November and January off southern [[California]] were killed in the summer off central California, [[Oregon]], [[British Columbia]], and in the Gulf of Alaska.<ref name="rice"/> Fin Whales have been observed feeding in [[Hawaii]]an waters in mid-May, and several winter sightings have been made there.<ref name="mobley">{{cite journal | author = Mobley, J.R., Jr. | coauthors = M. Smultea, T. Norris and D. Weller | year = 1996 | title = Fin whale sighting north of Kaua'i, Hawai'i | journal = Pacific Science | volume = 50 | issue = 2 | pages = 230–233 }}</ref> Some researchers have suggested that the whales migrate into Hawaiian waters primarily in the autumn and winter.<ref name="thompson">{{cite journal | author = Thompson, P.O. | coauthors = W.A. Friedl | year = 1982 | title = A long term study of low frequency sound from several species of whales off Oahu, Hawaii | journal = Cetology | volume = 45 | pages = 1–19 }}</ref> |
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Although Fin Whales are certainly migratory, moving [[season]]ally in and out of high-latitude feeding areas, the overall migration pattern is not well understood. [[Acoustics|Acoustic]] readings from passive-listening hydrophone arrays indicate a southward migration of the North Atlantic Fin Whale occurs in the autumn from the [[Labrador]]-[[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] region, south past [[Bermuda]], and into the [[West Indies]].<ref name="clark">{{cite journal | author = Clark, C.W. | year = 1995 | title = Application of US Navy underwater hydrophone arrays for scientific research on whales | journal = Rep. Int. Whal. Commn | volume=45 | pages=210–212 }}</ref> One or more populations of Fin Whales are thought to remain year-round in high latitudes, moving offshore, but not southward in late autumn.<ref name="clark"/> In the Pacific, migration patterns are difficult to understand. Although some Fin Whales are apparently present in the [[Gulf of California]] year-round, there is a significant increase in their numbers in the winter and spring.<ref name="tershy">{{cite journal |author = Tershy, B.R.| coauthors=D. Breese and C.S. Strong| year = 1990 | title = Abundance, seasonal distribution and population composition of balaenopterid whales in the Canal de Ballenas, Gulf of California, Mexico | journal = Rep. Int. Whal. Commn | volume = Spec. Iss. 12| pages = 369–375 |id=ISBN 0-906975-23-9}}</ref> Antarctic Fin Whales migrate seasonally from relatively high-latitude Antarctic feeding grounds in the summer to low-latitude breeding and [[calving]] areas in the winter. The location of winter breeding areas is still unknown, since these whales tend to migrate in the open ocean and thus exact locations have been difficult to determine.<ref name="nmfs"/> |
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==Abundance and trends== |
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[[Image:Finwhaleapproach.jpg|thumb|right|A Fin Whale approaching]] |
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The lack of understanding of the migration pattern of the Fin Whale combined with population surveys that are often contradictory makes estimating the historical and current population levels of the whale difficult and contentious. Due to a long [[History of whaling|history of hunting]] this whale, pre-exploitation population levels are difficult to accurately determine even though estimates are important to measure the rate of recovery of the species. |
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===North Atlantic=== |
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[[Image:Faroe stamp 401 fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus).jpg|thumb|left|150px|Drawing of a Fin Whale on a [[Faroe Islands|Faroese]] stamp, issued [[17 September]], [[2001]]]] |
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In the North Atlantic, Fin Whales are defined by the [[International Whaling Commission]] to exist in one of seven discrete population zones: [[Nova Scotia]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]]-[[Labrador]], [[West Greenland]], [[East Greenland]]-[[Iceland]], North [[Norway]], West Norway-[[Faroe Islands]], and [[British Isles]]-[[Spain]]-[[Portugal]]. Results of mark-and-recapture surveys have indicated that some movement occurs across the boundaries of these population zones, suggesting that each zone is not entirely discrete and that some immigration and emigration does occur.<ref name="mitchell 1974"/> J. Sigurjónsson estimated in 1995 that a total pre-exploitation population size of the Fin Whale in the entire [[North Atlantic]] ranged between 50,000 and 100,000 animals,<ref name="sigurjonsson">{{cite book | author = Sigurjónsson, J. | year = 1995 | chapter = On the life history and autecology of North Atlantic rorquals | pages = 425–441 | editor = A.S. Blix, L. Walløe, and Ø. Ulltang (ed.) | title = Whales, Seals, Fish and Man | publisher = Elsevier Science | id= ISBN 0-444-82070-1}}</ref> but his research is criticized for not providing supporting data and an explanation of his reasoning.<ref name="nmfs"/> In 1977, D.E. Sergeant suggested a "primeval" aggregate total of 30,000 to 50,000 Fin Whales throughout the North Atlantic.<ref name="sergeant">{{cite journal | author = D.E. Sergeant | year = 1977 | title = Stocks of fin whales ''Balaenoptera physalus'' L. in the North Atlantic Ocean | journal = Rep. Int. Whal. Commn | volume = 27 | pages = 460–473 }}</ref> Of that number, about 8,000 to 9,000 would have resided in the [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] and [[Nova Scotia]] areas, with whales summering in [[United States of America|U.S.]] waters south of Nova Scotia presumably not having been taken fully into account.<ref name="allen">{{cite journal | author = Allen, K.R. | year = 1970 | title = A note on baleen whale stocks of the north west Atlantic | journal = Rep. Int. Whal. Commn | volume = 20 | pages = 112–113 }}</ref><ref name = "nmfs"/> J.M. Breiwick estimated that the "exploitable" (above the legal size limit of ft50 component of the Nova Scotia population was 1,500 to 1,600 animals in 1964, reduced to only about 325 in 1973.<ref name="breiwick">{{cite paper | author = Breiwick, J.M. | year = 1993 | title = Population dymanics and analyses of the fisheries for fin whales (''Balaenoptera physalus'') in the northwest Atlantic Ocean| publisher = (Ph.D. thesis) University of Washington, Seattle. 310 pp. }}</ref> Two [[aerial survey]]s have been conducted in [[Canada|Canadian]] waters since the early 1970s, giving numbers of 79 to 926 whales on the eastern [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]]-[[Labrador]] shelf in August 1980,<ref name="hay">{{cite journal | author = Hay, K. | year = 1982 | title = Aerial line-transect estimates of abundance of humpback, fin, and long-finned pilot whales in the Newfoundland-Labrador area | journal = Rep. Int. Whal. Commn | volume = 31 | pages = 373–387}}</ref> and a few hundred in the northern and central [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] in August 1995–1996.<ref name="kingsley">{{cite journal | author = Kingsley, M.C.S. | coauthors = R.R. Reeves | year = 1998 | title = Aerial surveys of cetaceans in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1995 and 1996 | journal = Marine Mammal Science | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–75 |url = http://rparticle.web-p.cisti.nrc.ca/rparticle/AbstractTemplateServlet?journal=cjz&volume=76&year=&issue=&msno=z98-054&calyLang=eng}}</ref> Estimates of the number of Fin Whales in the waters off [[West Greenland]] in the summer range between 500 and 2,000,<ref name="larson">{{cite journal | author = Larsen, F. | year = 1995 | title = Abundance of minke and fin whales off West Greenland | journal = Rep. Int. Whal. Commn | volume = 45 | pages = 365–370}}</ref> and in 1974, Jonsgard considered the Fin Whales off [[Western Norway]] and the [[Faroe Islands]] to "have been considerably depleted in postwar years, probably by overexploitation".<ref name="jonsgard74">{{cite book | author = Jonsgard, A. | year = 1974 | chapter = On whale exploitation in the eastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean | pages = 97–107 | editor = W.E. Schevill (ed.) | title = The Whale Problem: A Status Report | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, MA | id= ISBN 0-674-95075-5 }}</ref> The population around [[Iceland]] appears to have fared much better, and in 1981, the population appeared to have undergone only a minor decline since the early 1960s.<ref name="rorvik81">{{cite journal | author = Rørvik, C.J. | coauthors = J. Sigurjónsson | year = 1981 | title = A note on the catch per unit effort in the Icelandic fin whale fishery | journal = Rep. Int. Whal. Commn | volume = 31 | pages = 379–383 }}</ref> Surveys during the summers of 1987 and 1989 produced estimates in the order of 10,000 to 11,000 Fin Whales between [[East Greenland]] and Norway.<ref name="buckland">{{cite journal | author = Buckland, S.T. | coauthors = K.L. Cattanach and Th. Gunnlaugsson | year = 1992 | title = Fin whale abundance in the North Atlantic, estimated from Icelandic and Faroese NASS-87 and NASS-89 data | journal = Rep. Int. Whal. Commn | volume = 42 | pages = 645–651 }}</ref> This shows a substantial recovery when compared to a survey in 1976 showing an estimate of 6,900 whales, which was considered to be a "slight" decline since 1948 levels.<ref name="rorvik76">{{cite journal | author = Rørvik, C.J. | coauthors = J. Jónsson, O.A. Mathisen, and Å. Jonsgård| year = 1976 | title = Fin Whales, ''Balaenoptera physalus'' (L.), Off the West Coast of Iceland. Distribution, Segregation by Length and Exploitation| journal = Rit Fiskideildar | volume = 5 | pages = 1–30 | id=ISSN 0484-9019}}</ref> Estimates of population levels in the [[British Isles]]-[[Spain]]-[[Portugal]] area in summer have ranged from 7,500<ref name="goujon">{{cite journal | author = Goujon, M. | coauthors = J. Forcada and G. Desportes | year = 1995 | title = Fin whale abundance in the eastern temperate North Atlantic for 1993. | journal = Rep. Int. Whal. Commn | volume = 45 | pages = 287–290}}</ref> to more than 17,000.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Buckland, S.T. | coauthors = K.L. Cattanach and S. Lens | year = 1992 | title = Fin whale abundance in the eastern North Atlantic, estimated from Spanish NASS-89 data | journal = Rep. Int. Whal. Commn | volume = 42 | pages = 457–460 }}</ref> In total, the aggregate population level of the North Atlantic Fin Whale is estimated to be between 40,000<ref name="berube98">{{cite journal | author=Bérubé, M.| coauthors=Aguilar, A., Dendanto, D., Larsen, F., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Sears, R., Sigurjónsson, J., Urbán-R, J. and Palsbøll, P.J.| year=1998| title=Population genetic structure of North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea and Sea of Cortez Fin Whales, ''Balaenoptera physalus'' (Linnaeus 1758): analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear foci| journal=Molecular Ecology| volume=7| pages=585–599| url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/mecol/1998/00000007/00000005/art00004 | id= ISSN 1471-8278 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00359.x}}</ref> and 56,000<ref name="berube and aguilar"/> individuals. |
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===North Pacific=== |
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[[Image:Stralsund Meeresmuseum.jpg|thumb|Fin Whale [[skeleton]]]] |
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The total historical [[North Pacific]] Fin Whale population has been estimated at 42,000 to 45,000 before the start of whaling. Of this, the population in the eastern portion of the North Pacific was estimated to be 25,000 to 27,000.<ref name="ohsumi">{{cite journal | author = Ohsumi, S. | coauthors = S. Wada | year = 1974 | title = Status of whale stocks in the North Pacific, 1972 | journal = Rep. Int. Whal. Commn | volume = 24 | pages = 114–126}}</ref> By 1975, the population estimate had declined to between 8,000 and 16,000.<ref name="rice74">{{cite book | author = Rice, D.W. | year = 1974 | chapter = Whales and whale research in the eastern North Pacific | pages = 170–195 | title = The Whale Problem: A Status Report | editor = W.E. Schevill (ed.) | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, MA | id= ISBN 0-674-95075-5 }}</ref><ref name = "chapman">{{cite journal | author = Chapman, D.G. | year = 1976 | title = Estimates of stocks (original, current, MSY level and MSY)(in thousands) as revised at Scientific Committee meeting 1975 | journal = Rep. Int. Whal. Commn | volume = 26| pages = 44–47}}</ref> Surveys conducted in 1991, 1993, 1996, and 2001 produced estimates of between 1,600 and 3,200 Fin Whales off [[California]] and 280 to 380 Fin Whales off [[Oregon]] and [[Washington]].<ref name="barlow03">{{cite paper | author = Barlow, J. | year = 2003 | title = Preliminary estimates of the Abundance of Cetaceans along the U.S. West Coast: 1991–2001 | publisher= Administrative report LJ-03-03, available from Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Jolla CA 92037 }}</ref> The miniumum estimate for the California-Oregon-Washington population, as defined in the ''U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 2005'', is about 2,500.<ref name="caretta">{{cite paper | author = Caretta, J.V., K.A. Forney, M.M. Muto, J. Barlow, J. Baker, B. Hanson, and M.S. Lowry | year = 2006 | title = U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 2005| publisher = U.S. Department of Commerce Technical Memorandum, NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-388 | url = http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/sars/po2005.pdf| format= PDF}}</ref> Surveys near the [[Pribilof Islands]] in the [[Bering Sea]] indicated a substantial increase in the local abundance of Fin Whales between 1975–1978 and 1987–1989.<ref name="baretta">{{cite journal | author = Baretta, L. | coauthors = G.L. Hunt, Jr. | year = 1994 | title = Changes in the numbers of cetaceans near the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea, between 1975–78 and 1987–89 | journal = Arctic | volume = 47 | pages = 321–326 | url = http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic47-4-321.pdf | format = PDF }}</ref> In 1984, the entire North Pacific Fin Whale population was estimated to be at less than 38% of its historic carrying capacity.<ref name="mizroch">{{cite journal | author = Mizroch, S.A. | coauthors = D.W. Rice, and J.M. Breiwick | year = 1984 | title = The fin whale, ''Balaenoptera physalus''| journal = Mar. Fish. Review | volume = 46 | pages = 20–24}}</ref> |
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===Antarctica=== |
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Relatively little is known about the historical and current population levels of the Antarctic Fin Whale. The IWC officially estimates that the pre-whaling population of the Fin Whale in the southern hemisphere was 400,000 whales, and that the population in 1979 (at the cessation of Antarctic large scale whaling) was 85,200.<ref name="IWC79">{{cite journal | author = IWC | year = 1979 | title = Report of the sub-committee on protected species. Annex G, Appendix I | journal = Rep. Int. Whal. Commn | volume = 29 | pages = 84–86}}</ref> Both the current and historical estimates should be considered as poor estimates because the methodology and data used in the study are known to be flawed.<ref name="nmfs"/> Other estimates cite current population levels of no more than 5,000 whales and possibly as low as 2,000 to 3,000.<ref name="ADW"/> As of 2006, there is no scientifically accepted estimate of current population or trends in abundance.<ref name="nmfs"/> |
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==Human interaction== |
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{{seealso|Whaling|History of whaling}} |
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[[Image:Captured fin whale.jpg|thumb|A Fin Whale caught at [[Grays Harbor]] circa 1912]] |
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In the 19th century, the Fin Whale was occasionally hunted by the open-boat [[whaling|whalers]], but it was relatively safe because of its quick speed and the fact that it often sank when killed. However, the introduction of steam-powered boats in the second half of that century and [[harpoon]]s that exploded on impact made it possible to kill and secure Blue Whales, Fin Whales, and Sei Whales on an industrial scale. As other whale species became over-hunted, the whaling industry turned to the still-abundant Fin Whale as a substitute.<ref name="acs">{{cite web| url=http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/finwhl.htm| title=American Cetacean Society Fact Sheet: Fin Whale, ''Balaenoptera physalus''| publisher=American Cetacean Society| accessdate=2006-10-23}}</ref> It was primarily hunted for its [[blubber]], [[whale oil|oil]], and baleen. Approximately 704,000 Fin Whales were caught in Antarctic whaling operations alone between 1904 and 1975.<ref name="IWC90">{{cite journal | author=IWC| journal= Rep. Int. Whal. Commn |title=Report of the scientific committee |volume=45 |year=1995 |pages=53–221}}</ref> After the introduction of factory ships with stern slipways in 1925, the number of whales taken per year increased substantially. In 1937 alone, over 28,000 Fin Whales were taken. From 1953 to 1961, whaling of the species averaged around 25,000 per year. By 1962, [[Sei Whale]] catches began to increase as Fin Whales became scarce. By 1974, fewer than 1,000 Fin Whales were being caught each year. The IWC prohibited the taking of Fin Whales from the southern hemisphere in 1976.<ref name="IWC90"/> In the North Pacific, a reported total of approximately 46,000 Fin Whales were killed by commercial whalers between 1947 and 1987.<ref name="barlow97">{{cite paper | author = Barlow, J., K. A. Forney, P.S. Hill, R.L. Brownell, Jr., J.V. Caretta, D.P. DeMaster, F. Julian, M.S. Lowry, T. Ragen, and R.R. Reeves | year = 1997 | title= U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 1996 | publisher = NOAA Technical Memo NMFD-SWFSC-248 | url=http://swfsc.noaa.gov/publications/TM/SWFSC/NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-248.PDF | format = PDF }}</ref> Acknowledgement that the [[Soviet Union]] engaged in the illegal killing of protected whale species in the North Pacific means that the reported catch data is incomplete.<ref name="yablokov">{{cite journal | author = Yablokov, A.V. | year = 1994 | title = Validity of whaling data | journal = Nature | volume =367 | pages = 108 | doi = 10.1038/367108a0}}</ref> The Fin Whale was given full protection from commercial whaling by the IWC in the North Pacific in 1976, and in the North Atlantic in 1987, with the exception of small [[Indigenous peoples|aboriginal]] catches and catches for research purposes.<ref name="ADW"/> All populations worldwide remain listed as endangered species by the US Fish & Wildlife Service and the [[International Conservation Union]] [[Red List]], and the Fin Whale is on Appendix 1 of [[CITES]].<ref name="iucn"/><ref name="ADW"/><ref name="cites">{{cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/tax-species-result.cfm?displaylanguage=eng&Genus=Balaenoptera&Species=physalus&source=animals&Country=&tabname=status|accessdate=2006-10-23|title=UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species|publisher=UNEP-WCMC|date=2006-10-23}}</ref><ref name="usfws">{{cite web|url=http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/SpeciesReport.do?spcode=A02O|title=Species Profile for Finback whale|publisher=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service|accessdate=2006-10-23}}</ref> |
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The Fin Whale is hunted in the Northern Hemisphere in [[Greenland]], under the International Whaling Commission's procedure for aboriginal subsistence whaling. Meat and other products from whales killed in these hunts are widely marketed within the Greenland economy, but export is illegal. The IWC has set a quota of 19 Fin Whales per year for Greenland despite concern about uncertainty of current population levels. Iceland and Norway are not bound by the IWC's moratorium on commercial whaling because both countries filed objections to the moratorium.<ref name="nmfs"/> In October 2006, Iceland's fisheries ministry authorized the hunting of nine Fin Whales through August 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=a4fs59pxIqXI&refer=europe|date=2006-10-18|accessdate=2006-10-23|title=Iceland to Resume Whale Hunting, Defying Global Ban |publisher=Bloomberg.com}}</ref> In the southern hemisphere, [[Japan]] has targeted Fin Whales in its Antarctic Special Permit whaling program for the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 seasons at 10 whales killed per year.<ref name"usinfo">{{cite web | url=http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2006&m=November&x=20061120171913lcnirellep0.9033319 | title = U.S. Protests Japan’s Announced Return to Whaling in Antarctic | publisher = Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State | date = [[20 November]], [[2006]] | accessdate = 2006-11-27 }}</ref> The proposal for 2007–2008 and the subsequent 12 seasons includes 50 Fin Whales per year.<ref name="nmfs"/> |
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Collisions with ships are an additional major cause of Fin Whale mortality. In some areas, they represent a substantial portion of the strandings of large whales. Most lethal and serious injuries are caused by large, fast-moving ships over or near the [[continental shelf]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Laist, D.W.|coauthors=Knowlton, A.R., Mead, J.G., Collet A.S., and Podesta, M.|year=2001|journal=Marine Mammal Science|title=Collisions between ships and whales|volume=17|pages=35–75|url=http://www.nero.noaa.gov/shipstrike/whatsnew/Laist%20et%20al_2001.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb00980.x}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
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{{cetaceaportal}} |
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* [[Whaling in Iceland]] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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====General references==== |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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* ''National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World'', Reeves, Stewart, Clapham and Powell, ISBN 0-375-41141-0 |
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* ''Whales & Dolphins Guide to the Biology and Behaviour of Cetaceans'', Maurizio Wurtz and Nadia Repetto. ISBN 1-84037-043-2 |
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* ''Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals'', editors Perrin, Wursig and Thewissen, ISBN 0-12-551340-2 |
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{{Refend}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Wikispecies|Balaenoptera physalus}} |
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{{Commons|Balaenoptera physalus}} |
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{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-finwhale.ogg|2008-01-01}} |
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* ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Balaenoptera_physalus/ images and movies of the fin whale ''(Balaenoptera physalus)''] |
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* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/brp/listen-to-project-sounds/fin-whales Finback Whale sounds] |
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* [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/2478/all IUCN Red List entry] |
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* [http://www.flickr.com/photos/kuhfs/484355054/in/set-72157600209388763/ Photograph of a Fin Whale underwater] |
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* [http://www.ryereflections.org/servlet/pluto?state=3030347061676530303757656250616765303032696430303434383135 Photographs of a Fin Whale breaching] |
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{{Cetacea|M.}} |
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[[Category:Baleen whales]] |
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[[Category:Mammals of Europe]] |
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[[Category:Mammals of Africa]] |
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[[Category:Mammals of Asia]] |
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[[Category:Cetaceans of Australia]] |
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[[ar:حوت زعنفي]] |
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[[ca:Rorqual comú]] |
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[[cs:Plejtvák myšok]] |
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[[da:Finhval]] |
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[[de:Finnwal]] |
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[[eo:Balenoptero]] |
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[[es:Balaenoptera physalus]] |
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[[et:Heeringavaal]] |
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[[fi:Sillivalas]] |
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[[fr:Rorqual commun]] |
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[[he:לווייתן מצוי]] |
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[[hr:Kit perajar]] |
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[[hu:Közönséges barázdásbálna]] |
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[[id:Paus Sirip]] |
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[[is:Langreyður]] |
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[[it:Balaenoptera physalus]] |
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[[ja:ナガスクジラ]] |
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[[lt:Finvalas]] |
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[[nl:Gewone vinvis]] |
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[[no:Finnhval]] |
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[[pl:Finwal]] |
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[[pt:Baleia-fin]] |
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[[ru:Финвал]] |
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[[sk:Vráskavec myšok]] |
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[[sv:Sillval]] |
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[[tr:Uzun balina]] |
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[[zh:長鬚鯨]] |
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[[zh-min-nan:Thong-thò Hái-ang]] |
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Revision as of 16:00, 7 June 2008
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