First Happy Time
The First Happy Time was a phase of the Battle of the Atlantic during which German Navy U-boats enjoyed significant success against the British Royal Navy and its allies. It started in July 1940, almost immediately after France, the United Kingdom's primary ally, was conquered by Germany, bringing the German U-boat fleet closer to the British shipping lanes in the Atlantic. When it ended is a matter of interpretation, with some sources claiming October 1940[1] and others extending it to April, 1941.[2] The reason for this successful German period was the British lack of radar and Huff-Duff equipped ships which meant that the U-boats were very hard to detect when they made nighttime surface attacks (ASDIC [ sonar ] could only detect submerged U-boats).
From July 1940 to the end of October, 282 Allied ships were sunk off the north-west approaches to Ireland for a loss of 1,489,795 tons of merchant shipping.[3]
Various dates and reasons for the end of the First Happy Time include:
- March 1941, with the German loss of three prominent U-boat aces: Günther Prien(MIA), Joachim Schepke(KIA) and Otto Kretschmer(POW).[4]
See also
- Second Happy Time
- Operation Berlin
- Convoy SC-7
- Convoy HX-84
- Convoy HX-106
- Convoy HX-112
- Convoy OB-293
References
- ^ Hughes, Terry; Costello, John. The Battle of the Atlantic, pg. 88
- ^ Macintyre, Donald G. F. W. The Naval War Against Hitler, pg. 52
- ^ Blouet, Brian W. Global Geostrategy: Mackinder and the Defence of the West, pg. 131
- ^ Milner, Marc (June 2008). "The Battle That Had to Be Won". Naval History Magazine. United States Naval Institute. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
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