Flemish dialects: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
revert vandalism |
watch your tongue lad. |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
#REDIRECT [[Flemish]] |
|||
{{Infobox Language |
|||
|name=Flemish |
|||
|nativename=Vlaams |
|||
|pronunciation={{IPA|/ˈvlɑːms/}} |
|||
|states=[[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Germany]] |
|||
|region=[[Europe]] |
|||
|speakers=6.1 million |
|||
|familycolor=Indo-European |
|||
|fam2=[[Germanic languages|Germanic]] |
|||
|fam3=[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] |
|||
|fam4=[[Low Franconian languages|Low Franconian]] |
|||
|fam5=[[Dutch language|Dutch]] |
|||
|iso1= |
|||
|iso2= |
|||
|iso3=vls |
|||
}} |
|||
'''Flemish''' (''Vlaams'' in [[Dutch language|Dutch]]), as the general adjective relating to [[Flanders]], can refer to the speech of the [[Flemings]], inhabitants of Flanders, though for the [[Flemish Community]],<ref>Footnote: The Belgian institutional Flemish Community has specific powers, including regarding language, in the officially Dutch-speaking institutional [[Flemish Region]] and the bilingual [[enclave]] therein, the [[Brussels-Capital Region]] — though in the latter aimed at its minority of speakers of Dutch.</ref> [[Dutch language#Official status|''Algemeen Nederlands'' (Common Dutch)]] is the official name of the [[standard language]] which in English is referred to as [[standard Dutch]] (standaard Nederlands). 'Flemish' is the term for a limited group of non-[[standardised dialect|standardised]] [[dialect]]s. |
|||
The widespread contemporary usage for '[[Dutch language|Dutch]] as spoken in [[Belgium]]' (in particular the [[Flemish Region]] and [[Brussels-Capital Region|Brussels-Capital]]), is not considered correct by [[linguistics|linguists]], since boundaries between relevant areas of distinct groups of historical dialects do not at all coincide with the national borders.<ref> |
|||
{{cite web |
|||
|title=History of the Dutch Language |
|||
|author=Matthias Hüning |
|||
|coauthors=Julian Dünser, Erzsebet Duro, Alexander Groh, Rainer Hawlik, Iris Hoheneder, Nina Kaulich, Pia Kremslehner, Erik-Jan Kuipers, Thomas Mayer, József Nyári, Katharina Pollatschek, Kurt Schreitl, Rossitza Todorowa, Ulrike Vogl, Erika Zimmermann |
|||
|date=[[1996]], last updated [[2005-11-18]] |
|||
|url=http://www.ned.univie.ac.at/Publicaties/taalgeschiedenis/en/gesch2.htm |
|||
|accessdate=2006-06-16}}</ref><ref> |
|||
{{cite web |
|||
|title=The Flemish language - "flamand" |
|||
|author=Invicta Media (copyright holder) |
|||
|date=[[2000-02-18]] |
|||
|url=http://www.theotherside.co.uk/tm-heritage/background/language.htm |
|||
|accessdate=2006-06-16}}</ref> |
|||
==Different linguistic meanings of ''Flemish''== |
|||
To the term ''Flemish'', as a linguistic notion, several meanings can be given: |
|||
* The variants of [[Dutch language#Official status|standard Dutch]] as generally perceived from speakers or writers of '[[Dutch language#Official status|Common Dutch']] that are native to the Belgian regions Flanders or Brussels-Capital; |
|||
* The non-standardized dialects as spoken in the present region Flanders, often perceived as related; |
|||
:Note: for linguists however, these are part of three distinct groups: |
|||
:#the ''dialects'' of the former [[duchy of Brabant|duchy named Brabant]] which once covered the provinces [[North Brabant]] (the Netherlands), [[Antwerp (province)|Antwerp]] and [[Flemish Brabant]] (present region Flanders), the [[Brussels-Capital region]], and — historically because the original dialects have become (all but?) extinct — the now French-speaking province [[Walloon Brabant]] (present [[Wallonia]], in Belgium), |
|||
:#the ''dialects'' of the former [[County of Flanders|county named Flanders]], which once covered the provinces of [[West Flanders]] and [[East Flanders]] (present region Flanders), [[Zeelandic Flanders]] (province of [[Zeeland]] in the Netherlands), and [[French Flanders]] ([[département]]s [[Nord (department)|Nord]] and [[Pas-de-Calais]] in [[France]]);<ref>Footnote: [[Zeelandic]] is seen as either belonging to West Flemish (together with most dialects in Zeeland's part called Zeelandic Flanders), or rather as the link between [[Hollandic]] and West Flemish. The dialects in an eastern part of Zeelandic Flanders are regarded as dialects of the East Flemish group. Dialects closely related to [[medieval]] West Flemish, had once also been spoken in the [[County of Hainaut]] which corresponded to parts of the province of [[Hainaut (province)|Hainaut]] (Wallonia) and of the département Nord (France).</ref> |
|||
:#the ''dialects'' of the former [[Duchy of Limburg]], now mainly spoken in the [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Dutch Limburg]] and [[Limburg (Belgian province)|Belgian Limburg]] provinces. |
|||
* The nonstandardized dialects of the former county of Flanders (see here above), a proper usage of 'Flemish' to linguists; |
|||
* The nonstandardized dialects of the provinces of West Flanders, Zeelandic Flanders and French Flanders, as a whole called [[West Flemish]] by linguists, which are less influenced by [[Brabantian]] dialects than are the [[East Flemish]] dialects; |
|||
* A range of mixes of standard Dutch with non-standardized dialect as individuals may tend to speak outside the most formal and their most familiar local environments, or in a familiar local environment while addressing an audience; or as in particular younger people who may not master a dialect tend to speak in any but the more formal environments. |
|||
* Any combination of the above. |
|||
Depending on the definition used, ''Flemish'' shows more or less important differences with the [[standard Dutch]] as officially determined by the [[Nederlandse Taalunie]]. Some usages that are common in Belgium, but not in the Netherlands, are recognized as being interchangeably correct, and are therefore correct [[Dutch language|Dutch]], while even in Flanders others are rejected as [[dialect]]isms. |
|||
==More about Dutch, dialect groups and dialects== |
|||
Native speakers can quickly distinguish spoken and even written variants of standard Dutch used by Flemish speakers from variants that are common in the Netherlands.<ref name=vandevelde> |
|||
{{cite web |
|||
|title=Uitspraakvariatie in leenwoorden |
|||
|quote=''[translated]'' (...) can easily cause differences between the two communities of the Dutch language area. In the Netherlands, in particular in the [[Randstad]], adaptions to the characteristics of Dutch will be made. In Flanders, standard Dutch is (so far still) the [[mother language]] of few, because that role is bestowed to the dialect. |
|||
|language=[[Dutch language|Dutch]] |
|||
|author=Van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland |
|||
|work=From: Hiligsmann, Ph.; Leijnse, E. (editors.) (2002). NVT-onderwijs en -onderzoek in Franstalig gebied, jg. 1. pp. 77-95. Vantilt, Nijmegen |
|||
|url=http://cf.hum.uva.nl/poldernederlands/abn_nederlands/leenwoorden.html |
|||
|accessdate=2007-09-05}}</ref> The differences in vocabulary however, are quite small. The ''Woordenlijst der Nederlandse taal'', often referred to by its cover colour as the ''green bible'' of the Dutch language and published under the leadership of Guido Geerts at ''Van Dale'', also known for the Van Dale dictionary standard work, had shown 1,500 typically 'Flemish' words... in a list of 110,000 different Dutch language terms, statistically proving Flemish and Dutch to be a single language. Thus in 1973 the Flemish Cultural Council, a predecessor of the [[Flemish Parliament]], decided that in any law the term "Vlaamse taal", ''Flemish language'', had to be replaced with "Nederlandse taal", ''Dutch language''. On [[9 September]], [[1980]] the treaty regarding the [[Nederlandse Taalunie]], ''Dutch-language Union'' between the Kingdoms of Belgium and of the Netherlands was signed.<ref name=nies> |
|||
{{cite web |
|||
|title=Van 'Hier spreekt men Nederlands' tot 'Tien voor taal' – De evolutie van de taalprogramma’s op de openbare omroep |
|||
|pages=p. 127–128 |
|||
|language=[[Dutch language|Dutch]] |
|||
|year=academical year 2004–2005 |
|||
|author=Nies, Paul, ''thesis''; Prof. Dr. Dhoest, A., ''promotor''; Prof. De Wachter, L., ''reporter'' |
|||
|publisher=Department of Communications Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, [[Katholieke Universiteit Leuven|Catholic University of Leuven (KUL)]] |
|||
|url=http://statbel.fgov.be/studies/ac328_nl.pdf |
|||
|format=pdf |
|||
|accessdate=2007-09-05}}<br />* Footnote: The practical vocabulary of an educated native speaker comprises about 10–20,000 terms. If this shorter list of more readily used words may be assumed to comprise most of the 1,500 'Flemish' ones, still 90% of the northern and southern vocabulary is mutual.</ref> |
|||
"Flemish dialects" as those of the present-day Flanders are often called by the layperson, do not form a unity: i.e. not all of the dialects are much more closely related to each other than to those spoken in the Netherlands. Instead there are several dialect groups, rather corresponding to the former territories of the feudal principalities Flanders, Brabant, and Limburg side by side from west to east. These were cut into northern and southern parts by separations of the [[Southern Netherlands]] and later Belgium. A few centuries of separate political life did generate quite some idiomatic differences in official language and various dialects, but linguists consider these [[isogloss]] bundles to be minor as to them, the dialects hardly underwent any grammatical changes and not significantly more even in vocabulary — a point of view that may lead laypeople to sometimes wonder whether linguists ever overheard a proper conversation in an authentic dialect. Indeed in the company of outsiders or non-locals, most dialect-speakers apart from [[Antwerp|Antverpians]] tend to 'clean up' their speech towards either a middle-of-the-road dialect, or often, starting several decades ago, a ''tussentaal'' ('in-between language') as a mix of dialect and standard Dutch is called.<ref>Footnote: TV presenters, news broadcasting etc. use standard Dutch, while soap operas about real life (e.g. [[Thuis]]) use ''tussentaal''. The latter is also known as ''verkavelingsvlaams'', pejoratively referring to the mix of several dialects and standard language heard in newly built-up areas.</ref> |
|||
The use of local dialects has retained more vigor in Flanders than in the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, local dialects have given way to standard Dutch over wide areas, particularly in the densely populated areas around Amsterdam and The Hague. While the local dialects persist, their everyday practical use has become much more limited than is the case with dialects in Flanders.<ref name=vandevelde /><ref name=stoops> |
|||
{{cite web |
|||
|title=Towards the End of the Standard Language in the Netherlands |
|||
|author=Stroop, J. P. A., [[University of Amsterdam]] |
|||
|date=[[1990-10-15]] – [[1990-10-18]], online October 1999 |
|||
|work=From: van Leuvensteijn, J. A.; Berns, J. B. (editors.) (1992). Dialect and Standard Language in the English, Dutch, German, Norwegian Language Areas. Proceedings of the Colloquium 'Dialect and the Standard Language', Amsterdam, 15-18 October 1990. pp. 162-177. Univ. of A'dam, Amsterdam. |
|||
|url=http://cf.hum.uva.nl/poldernederlands/abn_nederlands/diastane.html |
|||
|accessdate=2007-09-05}}</ref> |
|||
Compared to the speech in the Netherlands, Flemish is notable in that nearly each hamlet or city has preserved its own unique dialect variant, so that a person's place of origin, down to the level of a city quarter, is apparent to people from the same region. This is so throughout the entire Flemish territory, except where communities have been newly founded or their uniqueness severely weakened by a strong foreign language influence or by influx from other dialectical areas. There has been some recent upheaval because the uniqueness and authenticity of many dialects is further endangered by standard Dutch in the media and in education. In school, children are prohibited from using dialectical vocabulary in their writing and dialectally distinctive pronunciation in classroom conversation, but this depends much on the teacher. To counteract the decline, many areas have started archiving their dialects, special school programs have been started that teach children and adults to speak the local dialect, and promotional campaigns have encouraged the use of the dialects in art, literature, and music. The use of dialects appears to have gradually become popular again to the point of being a source of pride for each community.<ref name=vandevelde /><ref name=stoops /> |
|||
The dialect groups as they survived in Flanders have a distinct sound and rhythm. The tonal and slower speech of Limburgish people is for more westerly speakers a traditional cause for mockery. For example, a television station, with ironic intentions, asked two politicians—one from Limburg, the other from West Flanders—to comment on where the fastest speech occurs and "Which is better: slower or faster?". The Limburger, who did speak notably slower and in a more musical way, made his point in less than four minutes, while the West Fleming needed over eight to make his despite his faster delivery. A similar observation is noticed between the interruptionless speech of Dutch people in general, and the comparatively halting style of many Flemish speakers. |
|||
<!-- This section below should be deleted unless it can be made relevant to article--> |
|||
The variations between Flemish and standard Dutch forms a basis for the television programme ''Tien voor Taal'' (broadcast on both Flemish and Dutch public television from 1989 till 2005, and since 2006 only in the Netherlands). Examination of the results show that Flemish teams beat their Dutch opponents two out of three times in the Dutch language quiz.<ref> |
|||
{{cite web |
|||
|title=Wedstrijd voor taalfreaks in Kortrijk: Zuiderburen kunnen ons nog heel wat leren |
|||
|language=[[Dutch language|Dutch]] |
|||
|author=Boogert, Huib |
|||
|date=[[1997-10-25]] |
|||
|publisher=[[De Telegraaf]], major newspaper in the Netherlands |
|||
|url=http://krant.telegraaf.nl/krant/enverder/venster/reizen/reis.Belgie/reis.971025kortrijk.taaltoerisme.html |
|||
|accessdate=2007-09-05}}</ref> |
|||
<!--This section above should be deleted unless it can be made relevant to article--> |
|||
==Classification== |
|||
Flemish can be classified as followed: |
|||
*[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |
|||
**[[Germanic languages|Germanic]] |
|||
***[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] |
|||
****[[Low Franconian language|Low Franconian]] |
|||
*****[[Dutch language|Dutch]] |
|||
******[[West Flemish|Flemish]] |
|||
== Flemish and General Dutch == |
|||
Between Flemish and Dutch, spoken in Holland, there are some (little) words and word uses that are differently used. |
|||
''Here's a list: first the Dutch word, then the Flemish and the translation in English:'' |
|||
* The word '''Patat''' - ''Frieten'' - Chips (French fries) |
|||
* The word '''Spijkerbroek''' - ''Jeans(broek)'' - Jeans |
|||
* The word '''Zwager''' - ''Schoonbroer'' - Brother-in-law |
|||
* The word '''Slager''' - ''Beenhouwer'' - Butcher |
|||
* The word '''Ham''' - ''Hesp'' - Ham |
|||
* The word '''Kabinet''' - ''Regering'' - Government |
|||
* The word '''Sinaasappelsap''' - ''Appelsiensap'' - Orange juice |
|||
* The word '''Magnetron''' - ''Microgolfoven'' - Microwave oven |
|||
''Some expressions are formed in an other way in Flemish (Dutch word, then the Flemish):'' |
|||
* The expression '''Een ''speld'' in een hooi''berg'' zoeken''' - ''Een '''naald''' in een hooi'''mijt''' zoeken'' - Searching for a pin/needle in a hay stack |
|||
* The expression '''Iets in de ''gaten'' hebben''' - ''Iets in de '''mot''' hebben'' - Have something in the holes/ in the moth (To be on to something) |
|||
* The expression '''''Haastige'' spoed is zelden goed''' - '''''Haast en''' spoed is zelden goed'' - Hurried speed is seldom good/ Hurry and speed is seldom good (Never hurry) |
|||
==See also == |
|||
<div class="infobox sisterproject"> |
|||
<div style="float: left;">[[Image:Wikipedia-logo.png|45px|none|Wikipedia]]</div> |
|||
<div style="margin-left: 60px;">'''''[[:vls:Voorblad|West-Flemish edition]]''''' of [[Wikipedia]], the free encyclopedia |
|||
<small>''Keep in mind that this site does not discuss the Flemish language, but a dialectic form of West-Flanders which is not always understood by those in other provinces. Written Flemish is identical to Dutch; it just differs in use and speech.''</small></div> |
|||
</div> |
|||
*[[French Flemish]] |
|||
*[[Zeelandic]] |
|||
*[[Flemish literature]] |
|||
==References== |
|||
===Footnotes=== |
|||
{{reflist}} |
|||
===General online sources=== |
|||
{{sourcesstart}} |
|||
*{{cite web |
|||
|title=taalunieversum — Alles over het Nederlands (home page) |
|||
|publisher=[[Nederlandse Taalunie]] |
|||
|language=[[Dutch language|Dutch]] |
|||
|url=http://taalunieversum.org/ |
|||
|accessdate=2007-05-31}} |
|||
**{{cite web |
|||
|title=About us |
|||
|publisher=[[Dutch Language Union|Nederlandse Taalunie aka Dutch Language Union]] |
|||
|url=http://taalunieversum.org/en/about_us/ |
|||
|accessdate=2007-05-31}} |
|||
**{{cite web |
|||
|title=Wie zijn wij (''Who are we'')<!--not as 'About us' here above--> |
|||
|publisher=[[Nederlandse Taalunie]] |
|||
|language=[[Dutch language|Dutch]] |
|||
|url=http://taalunieversum.org/taalunie/wie_zijn_wij/ |
|||
|accessdate=2007-05-31}} |
|||
**{{cite web |
|||
|title=Zijn Nederlands en Vlaams dezelfde taal? (''Are Dutch and Flemish the same language?'') |
|||
|publisher=[[Nederlandse Taalunie]] |
|||
|language=[[Dutch language|Dutch]] |
|||
|url=http://taalunieversum.org/taal/vragen/antwoord/1/ |
|||
|accessdate=2007-05-31}} |
|||
**{{cite web |
|||
|title=Hoeveel dialecten zijn er in het Nederlandse taalgebied? (''How many dialects are there in the Dutch language area?'') |
|||
|publisher=[[Nederlandse Taalunie]] |
|||
|language=[[Dutch language|Dutch]] |
|||
|url=http://taalunieversum.org/taal/vragen/antwoord/8/ |
|||
|accessdate=2007-05-31}} |
|||
*{{cite web |
|||
|title=Reportage: Televisienederlands en Schoon Vlaams (''Television Dutch and Proper Flemish'') |
|||
|language=[[Dutch language|Dutch]] |
|||
|author=Ludo Permentier |
|||
|date=[[2003-12-12]] |
|||
|work=Taalschrift, een maandelijkse uitgave over maatschappelijke kwesties op het gebied van taal en taalbeleid ISSN 1570-5560 (monthly publication) |
|||
|publisher=[[Nederlandse Taalunie]] |
|||
|url=http://taalschrift.org/reportage/000458.html |
|||
|accessdate=2006-06-17}} A comparison between the Netherlands and Flanders, of the Dutch language as heard on TV. |
|||
{{sourcesend}} |
|||
==External links== |
|||
*{{cite web |
|||
|title=The Nederlandse Taalunie |
|||
|publisher=[[Dutch Language Union|Nederlandse Taalunie aka Dutch Language Union]] |
|||
|url=http://taalunieversum.org/en/}} Home page of its website in English, rather different from its site in Dutch |
|||
*{{cite web |
|||
|title=Taalschrift (monthly publication) |
|||
|publisher=[[Nederlandse Taalunie]] |
|||
|language=[[Dutch language|Dutch]] |
|||
|url=http://taalschrift.org/}} Taalschrift home page |
|||
**{{cite web |
|||
|title=“Zin in ’n sjmerrie?” - Bargoense geheimtaal in Nederland en Vlaanderen (''Secret slang in the Netherlands and Flanders'') |
|||
|author=Ben Salemans |
|||
|date=[[2007-01-29]] |
|||
|work=Taalschrift (monthly publication) |
|||
|publisher=[[Nederlandse Taalunie]] |
|||
|language=[[Dutch language|Dutch]] |
|||
|url=http://taalschrift.org/reportage/001350.html}} |
|||
[[Category:Dutch language]] |
|||
[[Category:Fusional languages]] |
|||
[[Category:Languages of Belgium]] |
|||
[[af:Vlaams (taalkunde)]] |
|||
[[ang:Flemisc sprǣc]] |
|||
[[br:Flandrezeg]] |
|||
[[bg:Фламандски език]] |
|||
[[de:Flämische Dialekte]] |
|||
[[el:Φλαμανδική γλώσσα]] |
|||
[[es:Idioma flamenco]] |
|||
[[eo:Flandra lingvo]] |
|||
[[eu:Flandriera]] |
|||
[[fr:Flamand (dialecte)]] |
|||
[[is:Flæmska]] |
|||
[[it:Lingua fiamminga]] |
|||
[[iu:ᐱᓚᒥᔅ/pilamis]] |
|||
[[la:Lingua Flandrica]] |
|||
[[lt:Flamandų kalba]] |
|||
[[lij:Lengua fiamminga]] |
|||
[[nl:Vlaams]] |
|||
[[ja:フラマン語]] |
|||
[[mk:Фламански јазик]] |
|||
[[no:Flamsk (dialekt)]] |
|||
[[pl:Język flamandzki]] |
|||
[[pt:Língua flamenga]] |
|||
[[ro:Limba flamandă]] |
|||
[[ru:Фламандский язык]] |
|||
[[simple:Flemish (linguistics)]] |
|||
[[sr:Фламански језик]] |
|||
[[fi:Flaamin kieli]] |
|||
[[sv:Flamländska]] |
|||
[[th:ภาษาเฟลมิช]] |
|||
[[vls:Vlams]] |
|||
[[bat-smg:Flamandu kalba]] |
|||
[[zh:佛兰芒语]] |
|||
Revision as of 18:21, 15 July 2008
Redirect to: