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{{redirect|Frisbee|the sport|Ultimate (sport)|the amusement ride|Frisbee (ride)|the type of UFO|Flying saucer}} |
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[[File:Frisbee 090719.jpg|right|thumb|A flying disc with the [[Wham-O]] registered trademark, "frisbee" ]] |
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A '''flying disc''' is a disc-shaped glider that is generally [[plastic]] and roughly {{convert|20|to|25|cm|abbr=on}} in [[diameter]], with a lip.<ref>The word 'disc' is commonly spelled with either a C or a K (disc or disk).</ref> The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The best frisbees are purple. |
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The term ''frisbee'', often used uncapitalized to [[Genericized trademark|generically]] describe all flying discs, has been a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company. Though such use is not encouraged by the company, [[Genericized trademark|the common use of the name as a generic term]] has put the trademark in jeopardy.<ref name="trademark-lost">[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/metaschool/fisher/domain/tm.htm#6 Overview of Trademark Law: Can trademark rights be lost?]</ref><ref name="losing-grip">[http://www.finnegan.com/resources/articles/articlesdetail.aspx?news=f2bab1ee-ca17-465b-afd5-0281d2b712f3 Losing Grip on the FRISBEE]</ref> |
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Flying discs are thrown and caught for free-form [[recreation]] and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury to the dog. Flying rings are also available, which typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play that use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]]. There are also discs that whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight. |
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==History== |
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[[File:Person throwing flying disc.jpg|right|180px|thumb|A person throwing a flying disc.]] |
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[[Image:Frisbee Catch- Fcb981.jpg|right|180px|thumb|A person catching a flying disc]] |
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The [[clay target]] used in [[trap shooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. |
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[[Walter Frederick Morrison]] discovered a market for the modern day flying disc<ref>Walter Frederick Morrison and Phil Kennedy: ''Flat Flip Flies Straight!: True Origins of the Frisbee''; January 2006; Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT; ISBN 0-9774517-4-7, pp. 34-35</ref> in 1938 when he and his future wife Lucile were offered 25¢ for a cake pan that they were tossing back and forth to each other on the beach in [[Santa Monica, California]]. "That got the wheels turning, because you could buy a cake pan for 5 cents, and if people on the beach were willing to pay a quarter for it, well, there was a business", Morrison told ''[[The Virginian-Pilot]]'' in 2007.{{cite quote|date=May 2010|reason=Mentioning a source and citing it properly are not the same thing.}} They continued their business until World War II, when he served in the army Air Forces flying [[P-47 Thunderbolt|P-47s]] and spent time as a prisoner of war. Upon his return from the war, Morrison sketched a design for an [[Aerodynamics|aerodynamically]]-improved flying disc he dubbed the ''Whirlo-Way''. By 1948 after design modifications and experimentation with several prototypes, Morrison and his business partner Warren Franscioni began producing the first plastic discs. They re-named their invention ''Flyin-Saucer'' in the wake of reported UFO sightings. "We worked fairs, demonstrating it", Morrison told the ''Virginian-Pilot''. "That's where we learned we could sell these things, because people ate them up." Morrison and Franscioni ended their partnership in 1950. After further design refinements in 1955, Morrison began producing a new disc, which he called the ''Pluto Platter''. He sold the rights to [[Wham-O]] on January 23, 1957 (his 37th birthday)<ref>{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Fred |authorlink=Walter Frederick Morrison |coauthors=Phil Kennedy |title=Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee |year=2006 |month=January |publisher=Wormhole Publishers |location=[[Wethersfield, CT]] |isbn=978-0-9774517-4-6 |oclc=233974379}}</ref>, and the following year, Morrison was awarded U.S. [[Design Patent]] D183,626 for his flying disc. |
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In June 1957, Wham-O co-founder [[Richard Knerr]] decided to stimulate sales by giving the discs the additional [[brand name]] "Frisbee" (pronounced "FRIZ'-bee") after learning that East Coast college students were calling the Pluto Platter by that name,<ref name="CTV20070616">{{cite news |title='Frisbee' marks 50th anniversary of name change |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070616/frisbee_070616/20070616?hub=TopStories |publisher=[[CTVglobemedia]] |date=2007-06-16 |accessdate=2007-06-19 }}</ref> the term "Frisbee" coming from the name of the [[New England]] pie manufacturer [[Frisbie Pie Company]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/02/12/frisbee.morrison.obit/?hpt=T2 | work=CNN | title=Frisbee inventor dies at 90 - CNN.com | accessdate=2010-05-02 | date=2010-02-12}}</ref> "I thought the name was a horror...terrible", Morrison told ''[[The Press-Enterprise (California)|The Press-Enterprise]]'' of [[Riverside, California|Riverside]]{{cite quote|date=May 2010|reason=Mentioning a source and citing it properly are not the same thing.}} in 2007. In 1982 Morrison told ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine{{cite quote|date=May 2010|reason=Mentioning a source and citing it properly are not the same thing.}} he had received about $2 million in royalty payments and said "I wouldn't change the name of it for the world".<ref>{{cite news | title=Walter Fredrick Morrison dies at 90; father of the Frisbee | work=The Los Angeles Times | url=http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-fred-morrison13-2010feb13,0,7076853.story | accessdate=2010-02-14 | date=2010-02-13 | last=McLellan | first=Dennis}}</ref> |
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The man who was behind the Frisbee's phenomenal success however was "Steady" Ed Headrick, hired in 1964 as Wham-O's new General Manager and Vice President in charge of marketing. Headrick soon redesigned the Pluto Platter by reworking the rim thickness and top design, creating a more controllable disc that could be thrown accurately.<ref>{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Fred |authorlink=Walter Frederick Morrison |coauthors=Phil Kennedy |title=Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee |year=2006 |month=January |publisher=Wormhole Publishers |location=[[Wethersfield, CT]] |isbn=978-0-9774517-4-6 |oclc=233974379 |quote='Headrick had an eye for product design... The "NEW LOOK" contributed mightily to its phenomenal success... I've never known what financial arrangements Headrick had with [[Wham-O]]. It would have been interesting to know, but knowing wouldn't have changed anything. It was enough to know that under Headrick's guidance our increasing bank account was due to what he was doing.'-Fred Morrison}}</ref> |
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Sales soared for the toy, which was marketed as a new sport. In 1964, the first "Professional Model" went on sale. Headrick patented the new design as the Frisbee patent, highlighting the "Rings of Headrick" and marketed and pushed the Professional Model Frisbee and "Frisbee" as a sport. ([[United States patent law|U.S. Patent]] 3,359,678).<ref name="About980218">[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm The First Flight of the Frisbee: The History of the Frisbee]</ref> |
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Headrick, commonly known as the "Father of Disc Sports",<ref>{{cite book |last= Malafronte |first= Victor A. |authorlink= |editor=F. Davis Johnson (ed.) |others=Rachel Forbes (illus.) |title=The Complete Book of Frisbee: The History of the Sport & the First Official Price Guide |year=1998 |month= May |publisher=American Trends Publishing Company |location=Alameda, CA |isbn= 0966385527 |oclc=39487710}}</ref> later founded "The International Frisbee Association (IFA)" and began establishing standards for various sports using the Frisbee such as Distance, Freestyle and Guts. Upon his death Headrick was [[cremation|cremated]] and, in accordance with his final requests, his ashes were molded into memorial Frisbees and given to family and close friends.<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6684592 "Edward "Steady Ed" Headrick"] Find A Grave.</ref> |
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==Flying disc games== |
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<!-- **** PER [[WP:SUMMARY]] THIS SECTION MUST SUMMARIZE [[Flying disc games]], |
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**** not diverge from it with new entries that only appear here. --> |
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{{Main|Flying disc games}} |
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{{MultiCol}} |
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* [[Flying disc games#Disc games adapted from non-disc games|Crosbee]] |
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* [[Disc dog]] |
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* [[Disc golf]] |
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* [[Dodge disc]] |
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* [[Flying disc games#Double|Double disc court]] |
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* [[Durango boot]] |
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{{ColBreak}} |
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* [[Flutterguts]] |
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* [[Flying disc freestyle|Freestyle]] |
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* [[Fricket]] (a.k.a. disc cricket, cups, Suzy sticks, crispy wickets) |
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* [[Flying disc games#Friskee|Friskee]] |
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* [[Goaltimate]] |
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{{ColBreak}} |
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* [[Guts (game)|Guts]] |
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* [[Hot box (game)|Hot box]] |
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* [[Kan-jam]] |
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* [[Polish horseshoes]] |
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* [[Schtick (disc game)|Schtick]] |
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* [[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]] |
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{{EndMultiCol}} |
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==Physics== |
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{{Main|Physics of flying discs}} |
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[[File:Frisbee freestyle claudio cigna 2009.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Frisbee [[flying disc freestyle|freestyle]]]] |
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[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges. |
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The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] <!-- "attitude" is the correct term here; pls don't change to "altitude".--> [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc were not spinning this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. Many [[disc golf]] discs, however, are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability and, for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable. |
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Even a slight deformation in a disc (called a "Taco," which in extreme cases looks like a [[taco shell]]) can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc. |
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== See also == |
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* ''[[Tron (film)|Tron]]'' and ''[[Tron: Legacy]]—[[science fiction]] films that make use of flying discs in their computerized combat. |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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===Further reading=== |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* Stancil, E. D., and Johnson, M. D.; ''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'', Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975); ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0 |
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* Horowitz, Judy, and Bloom, Billy; ''Frisbee: More Than A Game of Catch'', Leisure Press, Champagne, Illinois (1984); ISBN 978-0880111058 |
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* Norton, Gary; ''The Official Frisbee Handbook'', Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972); no ISBN |
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* Danna, Mark, and Poynter, Dan; ''Frisbee Players' Handbook'', Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978); ISBN 0-915516-19-5 |
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* Tips, Charles, and Roddick, Dan; ''Frisbee Sports & Games'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979); ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8 |
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* Tips, Charles; ''Frisbee by the Masters'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977); ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3 |
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* Morrison, Fred & Kennedy, Phil; ''Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee'', Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (January 2006); ISBN 0-9774517-4-7 |
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* Lorenz, Ralph; ''Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Copernicus, New York (September 2006); ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4 |
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{{refend}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Frisbee}} |
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<!-- ************************************************************* |
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** DO NOT ADD COMMERCIAL LINKS OF ANY KIND HERE, INCLUDING |
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** MANUFACTURERS AND RETAILERS. See [[WP:SPAM]], [[WP:EL]] |
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** and [[WP:NOT#DIRECTORY]] for why. |
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** DO NOT ADD LINKS TO ORGANIZATIONS FOR SPECIFIC GAMES here, |
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** such as disc golf and freestyle; such links go in the game |
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** articles. |
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************************************************************* --> |
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* [http://www.flyingdisc.in/index.html Flying Disc Federation of India] |
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* [http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] (WFDF) – international [[sports governing body]] for flying disc games |
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* [http://www.fdfp.net Flying Disc Federation of Pakistan] (FDFP) – national federation for flying disc games |
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* [http://www.frisbeecollective.com Frisbee Collective] – a gallery of over 200 fly discs from all over the globe |
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<!-- ************************************************************* |
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** DO NOT ADD COMMERCIAL LINKS OF ANY KIND HERE, INCLUDING |
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** MANUFACTURERS AND RETAILERS. See [[WP:SPAM]], [[WP:EL]] |
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** and [[WP:NOT#DIRECTORY]] for why. |
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** DO NOT ADD LINKS TO ORGANIZATIONS FOR SPECIFIC GAMES here, |
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** such as disc golf and freestyle; such links go in the game |
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** articles. |
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************************************************************* --> |
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[[Category:Flying disc| ]] |
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[[Category:1948 introductions]] |
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[[Category:Wham-O brands]] |
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[[Category:Physical activity and dexterity toys]] |
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[[Category:National Toy Hall of Fame inductees]] |
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[[ar:صحن طائر (لعبة)]] |
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[[bar:Frisbee]] |
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[[bg:Летящ диск]] |
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[[ca:Frisbee]] |
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[[eo:Flugdisko]] |
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[[fr:Frisbee]] |
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[[ko:원반 장난감]] |
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[[hi:उड़न तश्तरी (खेल)]] |
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[[is:Svifdiskur]] |
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[[he:פריזבי]] |
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[[la:Discus volans]] |
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[[mk:Фризби]] |
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[[ja:フライングディスク]] |
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[[ru:Летающий диск]] |
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[[simple:Flying disc]] |
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[[sk:Frisbee]] |
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[[sr:Frizbi]] |
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[[fi:Liitokiekko]] |
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[[sv:Frisbee]] |
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[[tr:Frizbi]] |
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[[uk:Фризбі]] |
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[[zh:飛盤]] |
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