# Forcing (recursion theory)

Forcing in recursion theory is a modification of Paul Cohen's original set theoretic technique of forcing to deal with the effective concerns in recursion theory. Conceptually the two techniques are quite similar, in both one attempts to build generic objects (intuitively objects that are somehow 'typical') by meeting dense sets. Also both techniques are elegantly described as a relation (customarily denoted ${\displaystyle \Vdash }$) between 'conditions' and sentences. However, where set theoretic forcing is usually interested in creating objects that meet every dense set of conditions in the ground model, recursion theoretic forcing only aims to meet dense sets that are arithmetically or hyperarithmetically definable. Therefore, some of the more difficult machinery used in set theoretic forcing can be eliminated or substantially simplified when defining forcing in recursion theory. But while the machinery may be somewhat different recursion theoretic and set theoretic forcing are properly regarded as an application of the same technique to different classes of formulas.

## Terminology

real
an element of ${\displaystyle 2^{\omega }}$. In other words, a function that maps each integer to either 0 or 1.
string
an element of ${\displaystyle 2^{<\omega }}$. In other words, a finite approximation to a real.
notion of forcing
A notion of forcing is a set ${\displaystyle P}$ and a partial order on ${\displaystyle P}$, ${\displaystyle \succ _{P}}$ with a greatest element ${\displaystyle 0_{P}}$.
condition
An element in a notion of forcing. We say a condition ${\displaystyle p}$ is stronger than a condition ${\displaystyle q}$ just when ${\displaystyle q\succ _{P}p}$.
compatible conditions
Given conditions ${\displaystyle p,q}$ say that ${\displaystyle p}$ and ${\displaystyle q}$ are compatible if there is a condition ${\displaystyle r}$ with ${\displaystyle p\succ _{P}r}$ and ${\displaystyle q\succ _{P}r}$.
${\displaystyle p\mid q}$
${\displaystyle p}$ and ${\displaystyle q}$ are incompatible.
Filter
A subset ${\displaystyle F}$ of a notion of forcing ${\displaystyle P}$ is a filter if ${\displaystyle p,q\in F\implies p\nmid q}$ and ${\displaystyle p\in F\land q\succ _{P}p\implies q\in F}$. In other words, a filter is a compatible set of conditions closed under weakening of conditions.
Ultrafilter
A maximal filter, i.e., ${\displaystyle F}$ is an ultrafilter if ${\displaystyle F}$ is a filter and there is no filter ${\displaystyle F'}$ properly containing ${\displaystyle F}$
Cohen forcing
The notion of forcing ${\displaystyle C}$ where conditions are elements of ${\displaystyle 2^{<\omega }}$ and ${\displaystyle (\tau \succ _{C}\sigma \iff \sigma \supset \tau }$)

Note that for Cohen forcing ${\displaystyle \succ _{C}}$ is the reverse of the containment relation. This leads to an unfortunate notational confusion where some recursion theorists reverse the direction of the forcing partial order (exchanging ${\displaystyle \succ _{P}}$ with ${\displaystyle \prec _{P}}$ which is more natural for Cohen forcing but is at odds with the notation used in set theory.

## Generic objects

The intuition behind forcing is that our conditions are finite approximations to some object we wish to build and that ${\displaystyle \sigma }$ is stronger than ${\displaystyle \tau }$ when ${\displaystyle \sigma }$ agrees with everything ${\displaystyle \tau }$ says about the object we are building and adds some information of its own. For instance in Cohen forcing the conditions can be viewed as finite approximations to a real and if ${\displaystyle \tau \succ _{C}\sigma }$ then ${\displaystyle \sigma }$ tells us the value of the real on more places.

In a moment we will define a relation ${\displaystyle \sigma \Vdash _{P}\psi }$ (read ${\displaystyle \sigma }$ forces ${\displaystyle \psi }$) that holds between conditions (elements of ${\displaystyle P}$) and sentences but first we need to explain the language (mathematics) that ${\displaystyle \psi }$ is a sentence for. However, forcing is a technique not a definition and the language for ${\displaystyle \psi }$ will depend on the application one has in mind and the choice of ${\displaystyle P}$.

The idea is that our language should express facts about the object we wish to build with our forcing construction.

## References

• Melvin Fitting (1981), Fundamentals of generalized recursion theory.
• Piergiorgio Odifreddi (1999), Classical Recursion Theory, v. 2.