Francisco Franco: Difference between revisions
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{{Other uses|Franco (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Spanish name 2 |Franco|Bahamonde}} |
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{{Infobox officeholder |
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| honorific-prefix = <small>[[Excellency|His Excellency]]<br/>[[Generalísimo]]</small><br/> |
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| name = <small>[[Don]]</small> Francisco Franco |
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| nationality = [[Spanish people|Spanish]] |
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| image = Franco0001.PNG |
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| caption = Franco in 1969 |
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| order = [[List of heads of state of Spain|Spanish Head of State<br />Regent of the Kingdom]] |
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| term_start = 1 April 1939 |
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| term_end = 20 November 1975 |
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| vicepresident = |
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| deputy = |
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| predecessor = [[Manuel Azaña]]<br/>''(as [[President of Spain|President]])'' |
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| successor = [[Alejandro Rodríguez de Valcárcel]] for handover to <br />[[Juan Carlos I]]<br/>''([[King of Spain]])'' |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1892|12|4|df=y}} |
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| birth_place = [[Ferrol, A Coruña|Ferrol]], [[Galicia (Iberia)|Galicia]], Spain |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1975|11|20|1892|12|4|df=y}} |
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| death_place = [[Madrid]], Spain |
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| restingplace = [[Valley of the Fallen]] |
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| restingplacecoordinates = {{Coord|40.641944|-4.155278}} |
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| party = [[Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista|FET y de las JONS]] |
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| spouse = [[Carmen Polo, 1st Lady of Meirás]] |
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| residence = [[Royal Palace of El Pardo|El Pardo]], [[Madrid]] |
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| religion = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] |
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| signature = |
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| footnotes = |
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| order2 = [[File:COA Spain 1945 1977.svg|30px]]<br /> 68th [[List of Prime Ministers of Spain|Leader of the Government of Spain]] |
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| term_start2 = 5 February 1939 |
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| term_end2 = 8 June 1973 |
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| predecessor2 = [[Juan Negrín]] |
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| successor2 = [[Luis Carrero Blanco]] |
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| signature = Francisco Franco Signature.svg |
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<!--Military service--> |
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|nickname = |
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|allegiance = {{flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg}} [[Spain under the Restoration|Kingdom of Spain]] (1907–1931)<br />{{flag|Spanish Republic}} (1931–1936)<br />{{flagicon image|Bandera del bando nacional 1936-1938.svg}} [[Spanish Civil War#Nationalists|Nationalist Spain]] (1936–1939)<br />{{flag|Spanish State|1938}} (1939–1947)<br />{{flag|Spanish State|1945|name=Kingdom of Spain}} (1947–1975) |
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|branch = |
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|serviceyears = 1907–1975 |
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|rank = Chief of the General Staff |
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|unit = |
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|commands = |
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|battles = [[Rif War (1920)|Rif War]]<br />[[Spanish Civil War]] |
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'''Francisco Franco Bahamonde''' (4 December 1892{{ndash}} 20 November 1975), commonly known as '''Franco''' ({{IPA-es |fɾanˈθisko ˈfɾaŋko}}), was a [[Spanish people|Spanish]] military general and [[List of heads of state of Spain|head of state of Spain]] from October 1936 (whole nation from 1939 onwards), and ''de facto'' [[regent]] of the nominally restored [[Kingdom of Spain]] from 1947 until his death in November 1975. As head of state, Franco used the title ''Caudillo de España, por la gracia de Dios'', meaning ''Leader of Spain, [[by the grace of God]]''. |
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From a military family, originally intent on entering the [[Spanish Navy]], Franco instead became a soldier. He participated in the [[Rif War (1920)|Rif War]] in [[Spanish Morocco|Morocco]], becoming the youngest general in Europe by 1926.<ref name="spa">{{cite web |url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWfranco.htm|publisher=Spartacus.Schoolnet.co.uk|title=Francisco Franco|accessdate=2009-12-02}}</ref> After returning to the Spanish mainland, he saw service suppressing an [[anarchist]]-led [[Anarchism in Spain#Asturias|strike in 1934]], defending the stability of [[Niceto Alcalá-Zamora|Alcalá-Zamora]]'s conservative government. Following the formation of a [[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]] government, made up of [[Marxist]], [[Liberalism|liberal]] republican and anarchist factions, instability heightened. Violence between militant groups spiraled out of control with assassination of conservative parliamentary leader [[José Calvo Sotelo]] in retaliation for the killing of [[José Castillo (Spanish Civil War)|José Castillo]].<ref>Beevor, Anthony. ''The Spanish Civil War''. London: Penguin, 1982. p 49.</ref> Franco and his co-conspirators used Calvo's death as their pretext for war, even though they had already initiated the plan for their rebellion.<ref>Beevor, Anthony. ''The Spanish Civil War''. London: Penguin, 1982. p 51.</ref> |
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Franco and the military participated in a ''[[coup d'état]]'' against the Popular Front government. The coup failed and devolved into the [[Spanish Civil War]] during which Franco emerged as the leader of the Nationalists against the Popular Front government. After winning the civil war with military aid from Italy and [[Nazi Germany]]—while the [[communist]] Soviet Union and various Internationalists aided certain forces of the left—he dissolved the Spanish Parliament. He then established a [[right-wing]] [[authoritarian]] regime that lasted until 1978, when a new constitution was drafted. During [[World War II]], Franco officially maintained a policy of non-belligerency and later of neutrality. However, he supported the volunteer [[Blue Division]] who fought with the [[Axis powers|Axis]] on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]]. |
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After the end of World War II, Franco maintained his control in Spain through the implementation of austere measures: the systematic suppression of dissident views through [[censorship]] and [[coercion]],<ref>Sinova, J. La censura de prensa durante el franquismo/ The Media Censorship During Franco Regime. Random House Mondadori. ISBN 84-8346-134-X.</ref><ref>Lázaro, A. ''James Joyce's encounters with Spanish censorship'', 1939–1966. Joyce Studies Annual, 1 Jan, 2001.</ref> the imprisonment of ideologically opposed enemies in [[Administrative detention|concentration camp]]s throughout the country (such as ''Los Merinales'' in Seville, ''San Marcos'' in León, ''Castuera'' in Extremadura, and ''Miranda de Ebro''),<ref>Rodrigo, J. ''Cautivos: Campos de concentración en la España franquista, 1936–1947'', Editorial Crítica.</ref> the implementation of forced labor in prisons,<ref>Gastón Aguas, J. M. & Mendiola Gonzalo, F. (eds.) "Los trabajos forzados en la dictadura franquista: Bortxazko lanak diktadura frankistan." ISBN 978-84-611-8354-8</ref> and the use of the death penalty and heavy prison sentences as deterrents for his ideological enemies.<ref>Duva, J. ''Octavio Alberola, jefe de los libertarios ajusticiados en 1963, regresa a España para defender su inocencia'' Diario El País, 9 November 1998</ref> During the [[Cold War]], the United States established a diplomatic and trade alliance with Spain, due to Franco's strong anti-Communist policy. American President [[Richard Nixon]] toasted Franco,<ref>John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2693 Toasts of the President and General Francisco Franco of Spain at a State Dinner in Madrid], The American Presidency Project. Santa Barbara, California: University of California (hosted), Gerhard Peters (database). Accessed online 24 May 2008.</ref> and, after Franco's death, stated: "General Franco was a loyal friend and ally of the United States."<ref>''New York Times''. "Nixon Asserts Franco Won Respect for Spain." November 21, 1975, Friday, page 16.</ref> After his death, Spain gradually began its [[Spanish transition to democracy|transition to democracy]]. Today, pre-constitutional symbols from the Franco regime—such as the national [[Coat of arms of Spain|Coat of arms]] or flag with the Imperial Eagle—are banned by law in Spain. |
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==Early life== |
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Francisco Franco was born on 4 December 1892 in [[Ferrol, Spain|Ferrol]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], which is Spain's chief naval base in the north. The Franco family was originally from [[Andalucia]].{{#tag:ref|After the Spanish Government allowed Sephardi and other Jews to seek refuge via Spain from National Socialist areas, an [[urban legend]] appeared as a form of derision claiming that the Francos were of Sephardi ancestry. However [[Stanley G. Payne|Payne]] explains; "Persistent rumours about Franco's alleged Jewish ancestry have no clear foundation, and Harry S. May, ''Francisco Franco: The Jewish Connection'' is somewhat fanciful".<ref name="ancest"/> Furthermore, "a significant portion of the Spanish and Portuguese populations have some remote Jewish ancestry; if this were true of Franco he would simply be in the position of millions of other Spaniards."<ref name="ancest">{{harvnb|Payne|2000|p=68}}.</ref>|group=note}} Since relocating to Galicia they were strongly involved in the [[Spanish Navy]] and over two centuries produced naval officers for six generations uninterrupted, right down to Franco's father Nicolás Franco y Salgado-Araújo (22 November 1855 – 22 February 1942). |
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Franco's mother was María del Pilar Bahamonde y Pardo de Andrade (1865 – 28 February 1934), and his parents married in 1890. The young Franco spent much of his childhood with his two brothers, [[Nicolás Franco|Nicolás]] (Ferrol, 1891–1977), a [[Spanish Navy|naval]] [[officer (armed forces)|officer]] and [[diplomat]] who in time was married to María Isabel Pascual del Pobil y Ravello, and [[Ramón Franco|Ramón]] (a pioneering [[aviator]] and a member of [[Republican Left of Catalonia|''Esquerra Republicana'']]), and his two sisters, María del Pilar (Ferrol, 1894 – [[Madrid]], 1989), later wife of Alonso Jaráiz y Jeréz, and María de la Paz (Ferrol, 1899 – Ferrol, 1900). |
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==Military career== |
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===Rif War and rise through the ranks=== |
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Francisco was to follow his father into the Navy but as a result of the [[Spanish-American War]] the country lost much of its navy as well as most of its colonies. Not needing more officers, entry into the Naval Academy was closed from 1906 to 1913. To his father's chagrin, he decided to join the [[Spanish Army]]. In 1907, he entered the Infantry Academy in [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], from which he graduated in 1910. He was commissioned as a lieutenant. Two years later, he obtained a commission to [[Morocco]]. Spanish efforts to physically occupy their new African [[protectorate]] provoked the protracted [[Rif War (1909)|Rif War]] (from 1909 to 1927) with native Moroccans. Tactics at the time resulted in heavy losses among Spanish [[officer (armed forces)|military officers]], but also gave the chance of earning promotion through merit. It was said that officers would get either ''la caja o la faja'' (a coffin or a general's sash). Franco soon gained a reputation as a good officer. He joined the newly formed ''[[regulares]]'', [[colonialism|colonial]] native troops with Spanish officers, who acted as [[shock troops]]. |
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In 1916, at the age of 23 and already a captain, he was badly wounded in a skirmish at ''El Biutz'' and possibly [[monorchism|lost a testicle]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8055329.stm |title=Spain's Franco 'had one testicle' |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-05-18 |accessdate=2010-03-02}}</ref> His survival marked him permanently in the eyes of the native troops as a man of ''[[baraka]]'' (good luck). He was also recommended unsuccessfully for Spain's highest honor for gallantry, the coveted ''Cruz Laureada de San Fernando''. Instead, he was promoted to [[major]] (''comandante''), becoming the youngest [[field grade officer]] in the Spanish Army. From 1917 to 1920, he was posted on the Spanish mainland. That last year, Lieutenant Colonel [[José Millán Astray]], a [[wikt:histrionic|histrionic]] but charismatic officer, founded the [[Spanish Foreign Legion]], along similar lines to the [[French Foreign Legion]]. Franco became the Legion's second-in-command and returned to Africa. On 24 July 1921, the poorly commanded and overextended Spanish Army suffered [[Battle of Annual|a crushing defeat]] at [[Annual (Morocco)|Annual]] at the hands of the [[Rif]] tribes led by the [[Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi|Abd el-Krim]] brothers. The Legion symbolically, if not materially, saved the Spanish enclave of [[Melilla]] after a three-day forced march led by Franco. In 1923, already a [[lieutenant colonel]], he was made commander of the Legion. |
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The same year, he married [[Carmen Polo|María del Carmen Polo y Martínez-Valdès]]; they had one child, a daughter, [[Carmen Franco y Polo|María del Carmen]], born in 1926.<ref>[http://www.thepeerage.com/p11214.htm#i112139 Carmen Franco y Polo, 1st Duquesa de Franco] on thePeerage.com. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</ref> As a special mark of honor, his [[best man]] (''padrino'') at the wedding was King [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|Alfonso XIII]], a fact that would mark him during the [[Second Spanish Republic|Republic]] as a monarchical officer. Promoted to [[colonel]], Franco led the first wave of troops ashore at [[Al Hoceima]] in 1925. This landing in the heartland of Abd el-Krim's tribe, combined with the French invasion from the south, spelled the beginning of the end for the short-lived [[Republic of the Rif]]. Becoming the youngest [[general]] in Spain in 1926, Franco was appointed in 1928 director of the newly created General Military Academy of Zaragoza, a new college for all Army [[cadet]]s, replacing the former separate institutions for young men seeking to become officers in infantry, cavalry, artillery, and other branches of the army. |
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===During the Second Spanish Republic=== |
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With the fall of the [[monarchy]] in 1932, in keeping with his long-standing apolitical record, Franco did not take any notable stand. But the closing of the Academy, in June, by War Minister [[Manuel Azaña]], provoked his first clash with the Republic. Azaña found Franco's farewell speech to the cadets<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.generalisimofranco.com/discurso12.htm | title = Discurso de Franco a los cadetes de la academia militar de Zaragoza|date = June 14, 1931 | accessdate = 2006-07-21 | language = Spanish }}</ref> insulting. For six months, Franco was without a post and under surveillance. |
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On February 5, 1932, he was given a command in [[A Coruña]]. Franco avoided involvement in [[José Sanjurjo]]'s attempted ''coup'' that year, and even wrote a hostile letter to Sanjurjo expressing his anger over the attempt. As a side result of Azaña's military reform, in January 1933, Franco was relegated from the first to the 24th in the list of Brigadiers; conversely, the same year (17 February), he was given the military command of the [[Balearic Islands]]: a post above his rank. |
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New elections held in October 1933 resulted in a center-right majority. In opposition to this government, a [[Anarchism in Spain#Prelude to Revolution|revolutionary movement]] broke out 5 October 1934. This uprising was rapidly quelled in most of the country, but gained a stronghold in [[Asturias]], with the support of the [[miner]]s' unions. Franco, already general of a Division and aide to the war minister, [[Diego Hidalgo y Durán|Diego Hidalgo]], was put in command of the operations directed to suppress the insurgency. The forces of the Army in Africa were to carry the brunt of this, with General [[Eduardo López Ochoa]] as commander in the field. After two weeks of heavy fighting (and a death toll estimated between 1,200 and 2,000), the rebellion was suppressed. |
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The insurgency in Asturias sharpened the antagonism between Left and Right. Franco and López Ochoa—who, prior to the campaign in Asturias, was seen as a left-leaning officer—were marked by the left as enemies. At the start of the Civil War, López Ochoa was assassinated. Some time after these events, Franco was briefly commander-in-chief of the Army of Africa (from 15 February onwards), and from 19 May 1935 on, Chief of the General [[staff (military)|Staff]]. |
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====General election of 1936==== |
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After the ruling centre-right coalition collapsed amid the [[Straperlo]] corruption scandal, new elections were scheduled. Two wide coalitions formed: the [[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]] on the left, ranging from [[Republican Union Party]] to [[Communist Party of Spain (main)|Communists]], and the Frente Nacional on the right, ranging from the center [[radicalism (historical)|radicals]] to the conservative [[Carlism|Carlists]]. On 16 February 1936, the left won by a narrow margin.<ref>"Riots Sweep Spain on Left's Victory; Jails Are Stormed", ''The New York Times'', February 18, 1936.</ref> Growing political bitterness surfaced again. The government and its supporters, the Popular Front, had launched a campaign against the Opposition whom they accused of plotting against the Republic.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} The Opposition parties, on the other hand, had reacted with increasing vigour. The latter claimed that the Popular Front had illegally obtained two hundred seats in a Parliament of 473 members. After the loss of 200 seats, the Opposition Parties claimed the government represented only a small minority, adding claims that the Popular Front's parliamentary majority was the result of large-scale electoral fraud, of Government-sponsored mob terror and intimidation, of the arbitrary annulment of all election certificates in many Right-wing constituencies, and of the expulsion, the arrest, or even the assassination, of many legally elected deputies of the Right.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} According to the right wing opposition, the real enemies of the Republic were not on the Right but on the Left; Spain was in imminent danger of falling under a Communist dictatorship, and therefore by fighting the Popular Front they, the opposition, were merely doing their duty in defence of law and order and of the freedom and the fundamental rights of the Spanish people.<ref>[[Malcolm Muggeridge|Muggeridge, Malcolm]], editor, ''Ciano's Diplomatic Papers'', Odhams, London, 1948: 17–18</ref> |
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The days after the election were marked by near-chaotic circumstances.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} |
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On February 23, Franco was sent to the distant [[Canary Islands]] to serve as the islands' military commander, a position in which he had few troops under his command.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} Meanwhile, a conspiracy led by [[Emilio Mola]] was taking shape.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} In June, Franco was contacted and a secret meeting was held in [[Tenerife]]'s [[La Esperanza Forest]] to discuss a military coup. (An obelisk commemorating this historic meeting can be found in a clearing at [[Las Raíces]].) |
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Outwardly, Franco maintained an ambiguous attitude almost up until July. On 23 June 1936, he wrote to the head of the government, [[Casares Quiroga]], offering to quell the discontent in the army, but was not answered.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} The other rebels were determined to go ahead, ''con Paquito o sin Paquito'' (with Franco or without him), as it was put by [[José Sanjurjo]], the honorary leader of the military uprising. After various postponements, 18 July was fixed as the date of the uprising. The situation reached a point of no return and, as presented to Franco by Mola, the coup was unavoidable and he had to choose a side. He decided to join the rebels and was given the task of commanding the [[Army of Africa (Spain)|Army of Africa]]. A privately owned DH 89 [[De Havilland Dragon Rapide]], flown by two British MI6 agents, [[Cecil Bebb]] and [[Hugh Pollard (Major)|Hugh Pollard]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2006/jul/18/post233 |title=article in the Guardian about Cecil Bebb |publisher=Guardian |accessdate=2010-03-02 | location=London | date=18 July 2006 | first=David | last=Mathieson}}</ref> was chartered in England July 11 to take Franco to Africa. |
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The assassination of the right-wing opposition leader [[José Calvo Sotelo]] by government police troops, possibly acting on their own in retaliation for the murder of [[José Castillo (Spanish Civil War)|José Castillo]], precipitated the uprising.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} On 17 July one day earlier than planned, the African Army rebelled, detaining their commanders. On July 18, Franco published a manifesto<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.generalisimofranco.com/discurso11.htm | title = Manifesto de las palmas | language = Spanish | accessdate = 2006-07-21|date = 1936-07-18 }}</ref> and left for Africa, where he arrived the next day to take command. |
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A week later, the rebels, who soon called themselves the ''[[Nationalists]]'', controlled a third of Spain, but most [[navy]] units remained under control of the Republican loyalist forces, which left Franco isolated. The coup had failed, but the [[Spanish Civil War]] had begun. |
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==From the Spanish Civil War to World War II== |
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{{Main|Spanish Civil War|Spain in World War II}} |
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The Spanish Civil War began in July 1936 and officially ended with Franco's victory in April 1939, leaving 190,000<ref>[[Santos Juliá]], coord. ''Víctimas de la guerra civil'', Madrid, 1999, ISBN 84-8460-333-4</ref> to 500,000<ref name = "oepcls">{{cite web|work=Enyclopædia Britannica |url=http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9379223/Spanish-Civil-War |title=Spanish Civil War |publisher=Concise.britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2010-03-02}}</ref> dead. Despite the [[Non-Intervention Agreement]] of August 1936, the war was marked by [[Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War|foreign intervention]] on behalf of both sides, leading to international repercussions. The nationalist side was supported by [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)#Fascism|Fascist Italy]], which sent the ''[[Corpo Truppe Volontarie]]'', and later by [[Nazi Germany]], which assisted with the [[Condor Legion]] infamous for their [[bombing of Guernica]] in April 1937. Britain and France strictly adhered to the arms embargo,{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} provoking dissensions within the [[Popular Front (France)|French Popular Front]] coalition led by [[Léon Blum]], but the Republican side was nonetheless supported by volunteers fighting in the [[International Brigades]] and the Soviet Union. (See for example [[Ken Loach]]'s ''[[Land and Freedom]]''.) |
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Because [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Joseph Stalin]] used the war as a testing ground for modern warfare, some historians, such as [[Ernst Nolte]], have considered the Spanish Civil War, along with the Second World War, part of a "[[European Civil War]]" lasting from 1936 to 1945 and characterized mainly as a Left/Right ideological conflict. However, this interpretation has not found acceptance among most historians, who consider the Second World War and the Spanish Civil War two distinct conflicts. Among other things, they point to the political heterogeneity on both sides (''See [[Spanish Civil War#Other factions|Spanish Civil War: other factions]]'') and criticize a monolithic interpretation which overlooks the local nuances of [[History of Spain|Spanish history]]. |
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===The first months=== |
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Despite Franco having no money, while the state treasury was in Madrid with the government, there was an organized economic lobby in London looking after his financial needs{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} with [[Lisbon]] as their operational base. Eventually, he was to receive important help from his economic and diplomatic boosters abroad.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} |
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Following the 18 July 1936, ''[[pronunciamiento]]'', Franco assumed the leadership of the 30,000 soldiers of the [[Spanish Army of Africa]]. The first days of the insurgency were marked with a serious need to secure control over the [[Spanish Morocco|Spanish Moroccan Protectorate]]. On one side, Franco managed to win the support of the natives and their (nominal) authorities, and, on the other, to ensure his control over the army. This led to the summary execution of some 200 senior officers loyal to the Republic (one of them his own first cousin). Also his loyal bodyguard was shot by a man known as Manuel Blanco.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.memoriahistocheeserica.org/alojados/periquete/paginas/noticias1.html | title = La Memoria de los Nuestros | language = Spanish|accessdate = 2006-07-21 }}</ref> Franco's first problem was how to move his troops to the [[Iberian Peninsula]], since most units of the Navy had remained in control of the Republic and were blocking the [[Strait of Gibraltar]]. He requested help from Mussolini, who responded with an unconditional offer of arms and planes; [[Wilhelm Canaris]], the head of the ''[[Abwehr]]'' military intelligence, persuaded Hitler, as well, to support the Nationalists. From July 20 onward he was able, with a small group of 22 mainly German [[Junkers Ju 52]] airplanes, to initiate an [[Airbridge (logistics)|air bridge]] to [[Seville]], where his troops helped to ensure the rebel control of the city. Through representatives, Franco started to negotiate with the United Kingdom, Nazi Germany and [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)#Fascism|Fascist Italy]] for more military support, and above all for more airplanes. Negotiations were successful with the last two on 25 July and airplanes began to arrive in [[Tetouan]] on 2 August. On 5 August Franco was able to break the blockade with the newly arrived air support, successfully deploying a ship convoy with some 2,000 soldiers. |
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In early August, the situation in western [[Andalusia]] was stable enough to allow him to organize a column (some 15,000 men at its height), under the command of then Lieutenant-Colonel [[Juan Yagüe]], which would march through [[Extremadura]] towards Madrid. On 11 August [[Battle of Mérida|Mérida was taken]], and on August 15 [[Battle of Badajoz (1936)|Badajoz]], thus joining both nationalist-controlled areas. Additionally, Mussolini ordered a voluntary army, the ''[[Corpo Truppe Volontarie]]'' (CTV) of some 12,000 Italians of fully motorized units to Seville and Hitler added to them a professional squadron from the [[Luftwaffe]] (2JG/88) with about 24 planes. All these planes had the Nationalist Spanish insignia painted on them, but were flown by Italian and German troops. The backbone of Franco's aviation in those days were the Italian [[SM.79]] and [[SM.81]] bombers, the biplane Fiat [[CR.32]] fighter and the German [[Junkers Ju 52]] cargo-bomber and the [[Heinkel He 51]] biplane fighter. |
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On 21 September, with the head of the column at the town of [[Maqueda]] (some 80 km away from Madrid), Franco ordered a detour to free the [[Siege of the Alcázar|besieged garrison at the Alcázar]] of [[Toledo (Spain)|Toledo]], which was achieved September 27. This controversial decision gave the [[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]] time to strengthen its defenses in Madrid and hold the city that year but was an important morale and propaganda success. |
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===Rise to power=== |
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The designated leader of the uprising, Gen. [[José Sanjurjo]] died on 20 July 1936 in an airplane crash. Therefore, in the nationalist zone, "Political life ceased."<ref>Hugh Thomas, ''The Spanish Civil War'', revised and enlarged edition (1977), New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-014278-2. p. 258</ref> Initially, only military command mattered; this was divided into regional commands ([[Emilio Mola]] in the North, [[Gonzalo Queipo de Llano]] in [[Seville]] commanding [[Andalusia]], Franco with an independent command and [[Miguel Cabanellas]] in [[Zaragoza]] commanding [[Aragon]]). The Spanish Army of Morocco itself was split into two columns, one commanded by [[General]] [[Juan Yagüe]] and the other commanded by [[Colonel]] [[José Enrique Varela|José Varela]]. |
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From 24 July, a coordinating ''[[Military junta|junta]]'' was established, based at [[Burgos]]. Nominally led by Cabanellas, as the most senior general,<ref>Thomas writes, "to pacify, rather than to dignify, him." ''op. cit.'', p. 282.</ref> it initially included Mola, three other generals, and two colonels; Franco was later added in early August.<ref>Thomas, ''op. cit.'', p. 282.</ref> On 21 September it was decided that Franco was to be commander-in-chief (this unified command was opposed only by Cabanellas),<ref>Thomas, ''op. cit.'', p. 421.</ref> and, after some discussion, with no more than a lukewarm agreement from Queipo de Llano and from Mola, also head of government.<ref>Thomas, ''op. cit.'', pp 423–424.</ref> He was, doubtlessly, helped to this primacy by the fact that, in late July, Hitler had decided that all of Germany's aid to the nationalists would go to Franco.<ref>Thomas, ''op. cit.'', p. 356.</ref> |
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Mola considered Franco as unfit and not part of the initial rebel group.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} But Mola himself had been somewhat discredited as the main planner of the attempted coup that had now degenerated into a civil war, and was strongly identified with the [[Carlism|Carlists]] monarchists and not at all with the [[Falange]], a party with [[Fascist]] leanings and connections ("phalanx", a far-right Spanish political party founded by José Antonio Primo de Rivera), nor did he have good relations with Germany; Queipo de Llano and Cabanellas had both previously rebelled against the dictatorship of [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]] and were therefore discredited in some nationalist circles; and Falangist leader [[José Antonio Primo de Rivera]] was in prison in Alicante (he would be executed a few months later) and the desire to keep a place open for him prevented any other falangist leader from emerging as a possible head of state. Franco's previous aloofness from politics meant that he had few active enemies in any of the factions that needed to be placated, and had cooperated in recent months with both Germany and Italy.<ref>Thomas, ''op. cit.'', pp 420–422.</ref> |
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On 1 October 1936, in [[Burgos]], Franco was publicly proclaimed as ''[[Generalísimo]]'' of the National army and ''Jefe del Estado'' ([[Head of State]]).<ref name=Thomas424>Thomas, ''op. cit.'', p. 424.</ref> When Mola was killed in another air accident a year later (which some believe was an assassination) (2 June 1937), no military leader was left from those who organized the conspiracy against the Republic between 1933 and 1935.<ref>Thomas, ''op. cit.'', pp 689–690.</ref> |
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===Military command=== |
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From that time until the end of the war, Franco personally guided military operations. After the [[Siege of Madrid|failed assault on Madrid]] in November 1936, Franco settled to a piecemeal approach to winning the war, rather than bold maneuvering. As with his decision to [[Siege of the Alcázar|relieve the garrison]] at Toledo, this approach has been subject of some debate; some of his decisions, such as, in June 1938, when he preferred to head for [[Valencia (autonomous community)|Valencia]] instead of [[Catalonia]], remain particularly controversial from a military viewpoint. It was however, in Valencia, Castellon and Alicante where the last troops were defeated by Franco. |
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Franco's army was supported by Nazi Germany in the form of the Condor Legion, infamous for the [[bombing of Guernica]] on 26 April 1937. These German forces also provided maintenance personnel and trainers, and some Germans and Italians served over the entire war period in Spain. Principal assistance was received from [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)#Fascism|Fascist Italy]] (''[[Corpo Truppe Volontarie]]''), but the degree of influence of both powers on Franco's direction of the war seems to have been very limited. Nevertheless, the Italian troops, despite [[Battle of Guadalajara|not being always effective]], were present in most of the large operations in big numbers, while the CTV helped the Nationalist airforce dominate the skies for most of the war. [[António de Oliveira Salazar]]'s Portugal also openly assisted the Nationalists from the start, contributing some 20,000 troops. |
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It is said that Franco's direction of the Nazi and Fascist forces was limited, particularly in the direction of the [[Condor Legion]], however, he was officially, by default, their supreme commander and they rarely made decisions on their own. For reasons of prestige, it was decided to continue assisting Franco until the end of the war, and Italian and German troops paraded on the day of the final victory in Madrid.<ref>''The Spanish Republic and the civil war 1931–39'', by Gabriel Jackson, New Jersey, 1967</ref> |
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===Political command=== |
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In April 1937, Franco managed to fuse the [[ideologically]] incompatible national-syndicalist [[Falange]] ("phalanx", a [[far-right]] Spanish [[political party]] founded by [[José Antonio Primo de Rivera]]) and the [[Carlism|Carlist]] monarchist parties under a [[single-party system|single-party]] under his rule, dubbed ''[[Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista]]'' (FET y de las JONS), which became the only legal party in 1939. The Falangists' hymn, ''[[Cara al Sol]]'', became the semi-national anthem of Franco's not yet established regime. |
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This new political formation appeased the pro-Nazi Falangists while tempering them with the anti-German Carlists. Franco's brother-in-law [[Ramón Serrano Súñer]], who was his main political advisor, was able to turn the various parties under Franco against each other to absorb a series of political confrontations against Franco himself. At a certain moment he even expelled the original leading members of both the Carlists ([[Manuel Fal Conde]]) and the Falangists ([[Manuel Hedilla]]) to secure Franco's political future. Franco also appeased the Carlists by exploiting the Republicans' [[anti-clericalism]] in his propaganda, in particular concerning the "[[Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War|Martyrs of the war]]". While the loyalist forces presented the war as a struggle to defend the Republic against Fascism, Franco depicted himself as the defender of "[[History of Spain|Catholic Spain]]" against "atheist Communism." |
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===The end of the Civil War=== |
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Before the fall of Catalonia in February 1939, the Prime Minister of Spain [[Juan Negrín]] unsuccessfully proposed, in the meeting of the [[Cortes Generales|Cortes]] in [[Figueres]], [[capitulation (surrender)|capitulation]] with the sole condition of respecting the lives of the vanquished. Negrín was ultimately deposed by Colonel [[Segismundo Casado]], later joined by [[José Miaja]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} |
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Thereafter, only Madrid (see [[History of Madrid]]) and a few other areas remained under control of the government forces. On 27 February [[Neville Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] and [[Édouard Daladier|Daladier]]'s governments recognized the Franco regime, before the official end of the war. The PCE (the Spanish Communist Party) attempted a mutiny in Madrid with the aim of re-establishing Negrín's leadership, but José Miaja retained control. Finally, on 28 March 1939, with the help of pro-Franco forces inside the city (the "[[fifth column]]" General Mola had mentioned in [[propaganda]] broadcasts in 1936), Madrid fell to the Nationalists. The next day, [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]], which had held out under the guns of the Nationalists for close to two years, also surrendered. Victory was proclaimed on 1 April 1939, when the last of the Republican forces surrendered. On this very date, Franco placed his sword upon the altar in a church and in a vow, promised that he would never again take up his sword unless Spain itself was threatened with invasion. |
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At least 50,000 people were executed during the civil war.<ref name = "oepcls"/><ref>{{cite news|author=Giles Tremlett in Madrid |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/spain/article/0,2763,1096841,00.html |title=Spain torn on tribute to victims of Franco |publisher=Guardian |accessdate=2010-03-02 | location=London | date=1 December 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SPcasualties.htm |title=Spanish Civil War: Casualties |publisher=Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-03-02}}</ref> Franco's victory was followed by thousands of [[summary execution]]s (from 15,000 to 25,000 people<ref>Recent searches conducted with parallel excavations of mass graves in Spain (in particular by the [[Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory]], ARMH) estimate that the total of people executed after the war may arrive at a number between 15,000 to 35,000. See for example [http://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2002/351/1026114970.html Fosas Comunes – Los desaparecidos de Franco. La Guerra Civil no ha terminado], ''[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]'', 7 July 2002 {{es icon}}</ref>) and imprisonments, while many were put to [[forced labour]], building railways, drying out swamps, digging canals (''La Corchuela'', the Canal of the [[Guadalquivir|Bajo Guadalquivir]]), construction of the [[Valle de los Caídos]] monument, etc. The 1940 shooting of the president of the [[Generalitat de Catalunya|Catalan government]], [[Lluís Companys]], was one of the most notable cases of this early suppression of opponents and dissenters. |
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Although leftists suffered from an important death-toll, the Spanish [[intelligentsia]], [[atheist]]s and military and government figures who had remained loyal to the Madrid government during the war were also targeted for oppression. |
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In his recent, updated history of the Spanish Civil War, [[Antony Beevor]] "reckons Franco's ensuing '[[White Terror (Spain)|white terror]]' claimed 200,000 lives. The '[[Red Terror (Spain)|red terror]]' had already killed 38,000."<ref>[http://www.economist.com/books/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7081116 "Men of La Mancha"]. Rev. of Antony Beevor, ''The Battle for Spain''. ''The Economist'' (22 June 2006).</ref> Julius Ruiz concludes that "although the figures remain disputed, a minimum of 37,843 executions were carried out in the Republican zone with a maximum of 150,000 executions (including 50,000 after the war) in [[Spain under Franco|Nationalist Spain]]."<ref>Julius Ruiz, [http://jch.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/42/1/97 "Defending the Republic: The García Atadell Brigade in Madrid, 1936"]. ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 42.1 (2007):97.</ref> In ''Checas de Madrid'', César Vidal comes to a nationwide total of 110,965 victims of Republican violence; 11,705 people being killed in Madrid alone.<ref>[http://www.firmaspress.com/285.htm International justice begins at home] by [[Carlos Alberto Montaner]], [[Miami Herald]], August 4, 2003</ref> |
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Despite the official end of the war, [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla resistance]] to Franco (known as "the ''[[Spanish Maquis|maquis]]''") was widespread in many mountainous regions, and continued well into the 1950s. In 1944, a group of republican veterans, which also fought in the [[French resistance]] against the [[Nazi]]s, invaded the [[Val d'Aran]] in northwest [[Catalonia]], but they were quickly defeated. |
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The end of the war led to hundreds of thousands of [[exile]]es, [[Immigration in France|mostly to France]] (but also Mexico, [[Chile]], [[Cuba]], the USA and so on.).<ref>{{cite news|last=Caistor |first=Nick |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/2809025.stm |title=Spanish Civil War fighters look back |publisher=BBC News |date=2003-02-28 |accessdate=2010-03-02}}</ref> On the other side of the [[Pyrenees]], [[refugee]]s were confined in [[Concentration camps in France|internment camps]] of the [[French Third Republic]], such as [[Camp Gurs]] or [[Camp Vernet]], where 12,000 Republicans were housed in squalid conditions (mostly soldiers from the [[Durruti Division]]<ref name="ariege.fr">{{cite web|url=http://cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/page/afficheLieu.php?idLang=fr&idLieu=2311 |title={{fr icon}}} ''Camp Vernet'' Website |publisher=Cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr |date= |accessdate=2010-03-02}}</ref>). The 17,000 refugees housed in Gurs were divided into four categories ([[Brigadist]]s, pilots, ''[[Euzko Gudarostea|Gudaris]]'' and ordinary 'Spaniards'). The ''Gudaris'' (Basques) and the pilots easily found local backers and jobs, and were allowed to quit the camp, but the farmers and ordinary people, who could not find relations in France, were encouraged by the Third Republic, in agreement with the Francoist government, to return to Spain. The great majority did so and were turned over to the Francoist authorities in [[Irún]]. From there they were transferred to the [[Miranda de Ebro]] camp for "purification" according to the [[Law of Political Responsibilities]]. |
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After the proclamation by Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]] of the [[Vichy France]] regime, the refugees became political prisoners, and the [[French police]] attempted to round-up those who had been liberated from the camp. Along with other "undesirables", they were sent to the [[Drancy internment camp]] before being deported to Nazi Germany. 5,000 Spaniards thus died in [[Mauthausen concentration camp]].<ref name=Cite>[http://www.histoire-immigration.fr/index.php?lg=fr&nav=20&flash=0 Film documentary] on the website of the ''[[Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration]]'' {{fr icon}}</ref> The Chilean poet [[Pablo Neruda]], who had been named by the Chilean President [[Pedro Aguirre Cerda]] special consul for immigration in Paris, was given responsibility for what he called "the noblest mission I have ever undertaken": shipping more than 2,000 Spanish refugees, who had been housed by the French in squalid camps, to Chile on an old cargo ship, the ''[[Winnipeg (boat)|Winnipeg]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redpoppy.net/pablo_neruda.php |title=Pablo Neruda: The Poet's Calling |publisher=Redpoppy.net |date= |accessdate=2010-03-02}}</ref> |
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===World War II=== |
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{{details|Spain in World War II}} |
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[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L15327, Spanien, Heinrich Himmler bei Franco.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Front row in order from left to right: Spain's Foreign Minister [[Ramón Serrano Súñer|Serrano Súñer]], [[Heinrich Himmler]], and Franco.]] |
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In September 1939, World War II broke out in Europe, and although Hitler met Franco once in [[Hendaye]], France (23 October 1940), to discuss Spanish entry on the side of the [[Axis Powers|Axis]], Franco's demands (food, military equipment, [[Gibraltar]], [[French North Africa]] etc.) proved too much and no agreement was reached. (An oft-cited remark attributed to Hitler is that the German leader would rather have some teeth extracted than to have to deal further with Franco){{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}. Franco's tactics received important support from [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Benito Mussolini]] during the civil war. He remained emphatically neutral in the Second World War, but nonetheless offered various kinds of support to Italy and Germany. He allowed Spanish soldiers to volunteer to fight in the German Army against the [[USSR]] (the [[Blue Division]]), but forbade Spaniards to fight in the West against the democracies. Franco's common ground with Hitler was particularly weakened by Hitler's propagation of [[Nazi mysticism]] and his attempts to [[Positive Christianity|manipulate Christianity]], which went against Franco's fervent commitment to defending Christianity and Catholicism.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} Contributing to the disagreement was an ongoing dispute over German mining rights in Spain. Some historians argue that Franco made demands that he knew Hitler would not accede to in order to stay out of the war.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} Other historians argue that he, as leader of a destroyed country in chaos, simply had nothing to offer the Germans and their military.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} Yet, after the collapse of France in June 1940, Spain did adopt a pro-Axis non-belligerency stance (for example, he offered Spanish naval facilities to German ships) until returning to complete neutrality in 1943 when the tide of the war had turned decisively against [[Axis Powers|Germany and its allies]]. Some volunteer Spanish troops (the ''[[Blue Division|División Azul]]'', or "Blue Division")—not given official state sanction by Franco—went to fight on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] under German command from 1941–1943. Some historians have argued that not all of the Blue Division were true volunteers and that Franco expended relatively small but significant resources to aid the Axis powers' battle against the Soviet Union. |
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According to the recent discovery of a World War II Document, Franco ordered his provincial governors to compile a list of Jews while he negotiated an alliance with the Axis powers. Franco supplied Heinrich Himmler with a list of 6,000 Jews in Spain, for the Nazi's "Final Solution". It is true that Franco built no concentration camps on Spanish territory, nor did he voluntarily hand Jews over to Germany.<ref name="haaretz.com">Aderet, Ofer. [http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/wwii-document-reveals-general-franco-handed-nazis-list-of-spanish-jews-1.297546 "World War II document reveals: General Franco handed Nazis list of Spanish Jews."] '' Haaretz News Agency''. 22 June 2010</ref> Plans for alliance fell through and Spain never carried out the Nazis' plans. During the entire war, especially after 1942, the Spanish borders were more or less kept open for Jewish refugees from [[Vichy France]] and Nazi-occupied territories in Europe.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} Spanish diplomats, acting outside of Franco's authority,<ref name="haaretz.com"/> extended their diplomatic protection over [[Jews]] in Hungary, [[Czechoslovakia]] and the [[Balkans]]. Spain was a safe haven for all Jewish refugees and [[antisemitism]] was not official policy under the Franco regime. In 1940 alone roughly 40,000 Jewish refugees found safe haven in Spain.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} Overall, per some estimates, during World War II, Franco's policies saved the lives of almost 200,000 European Jews.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} |
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On 14 June 1940, the Spanish forces in Morocco occupied [[Tangier]] (a city under the rule of the [[League of Nations]]) and did not leave it until 1945. |
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==Spain under Franco== |
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{{Main|Francoist Spain}} |
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[[File:Flag of Spain under Franco 1938 1945.svg|right|thumb|Flag of The [[Spanish State]] (1938–1945)]] |
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[[File:Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg|right|thumb|Flag of The Spanish State (1945–1977)]] |
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[[File:Inauguración del INIA por Franco (1954).jpg|left|thumb|200px|Franco visit the inauguration of INIA]] |
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Franco was recognized as the Spanish head of state by Britain and France in February 1945, two months before the war officially ended. Already proclaimed ''[[Generalísimo]]'' of the Nationalists and ''Jefe del Estado'' ([[Head of State]]) in October 1936,<ref name=Thomas424/> he thereafter assumed the official title of "''Su Excelencia el Jefe de Estado''" ("His Excellency the Head of State"). However, he was also referred to in state and official documents as "''[[Caudillo]] de España''" ("the Leader of Spain"), and sometimes called "''el Caudillo de la Última Cruzada y de la Hispanidad''" ("the Leader of the Last [[Crusade]] and of the Hispanic heritage") and "''el Caudillo de la Guerra de Liberación contra el Comunismo y sus Cómplices''" ("the Leader of the War of Liberation Against Communism and Its Accomplices"). The use of "Jefe" alone also occurred,{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} similar to [[Führer]] and [[Il Duce]], but never caught any wide use. |
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In 1947, Franco proclaimed Spain a [[monarchy]], but did not designate a monarch. This gesture was largely done to appease the ''[[Movimiento Nacional]]'' ([[Carlism|Carlists]] and [[Legitimism|Alfonsists]]). Although a self-proclaimed monarchist himself, Franco had no particular desire to proclaim himself King of Spain, nor have a King to rule the country yet, and as such, he left the throne vacant, with himself as a ''de facto'' [[Regent]]. He wore the uniform of a [[Captain General]] (a rank traditionally reserved for the King) and resided in the [[El Pardo|El Pardo Palace]]. In addition, he appropriated the royal privilege of walking beneath a [[baldachin|canopy]], and his portrait appeared on most [[Spanish coins]] and postage stamps. He also added "[[by the grace of God]]", a phrase usually part of the styles of monarchs, to his style. |
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Franco initially sought support from various groups. He initially garnered support from the fascist elements of the [[Falange]], but distanced himself from fascist ideology after the defeat of the Axis in World War II. Franco's administration marginalized fascist ideologues in favor of [[technocracy (bureaucratic)|technocrats]], many of whom were linked with [[Opus Dei]], who promoted the economic modernization under Franco.<ref>"The Franco Years: Policies, Programs, and Growing Popular Unrest." ''A Country Study: Spain'' <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html#es0034></ref> |
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Although Franco and Spain under his rule adopted some trappings of fascism, he, and Spain under his rule, are not generally considered to be fascist; among the distinctions, fascism entails a revolutionary aim to transform society, where Franco and Franco's Spain did not seek to do so, and, to the contrary, although authoritarian, were conservative and traditional.<ref>Laqueur, Walter [http://books.google.com/books?id=fWggQTqioXcC&dq Fascism: Past, Present, Future] p. 13 1996 Oxford University Press</ref><ref>De Menses, Filipe Ribeiro [http://books.google.com/books?id=InPG_1wKfCIC&dq Franco and the Spanish Civil War], p. 87, Routledge</ref><ref>Gilmour, David, [http://books.google.com/books?id=O-SEAAAAIAAJ&q=&pgis=1 The Transformation of Spain: From Franco to the Constitutional Monarchy], p. 7 1985 Quartet Books</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">Payne, Stanley [http://books.google.com/books?id=NiD3UeOCSGsC&dq Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977], p. 476 1999 [[University of Wisconsin Press]]</ref><ref>Payne, Stanley [http://books.google.com/books?id=NiD3UeOCSGsC&dq Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977], p. 347, 476 1999 Univ. of Wisconsin Press</ref> [[Stanley Payne]] notes: "scarcely any of the serious historians and analysts of Franco consider the generalissimo to be a core fascist".<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>Laqueur, Walter [http://books.google.com/books?id=fWggQTqioXcC&dq Fascism: Past, Present, Future], p. 13, 1997 Oxford University Press US</ref> The consistent points in Franco's long rule included above all authoritarianism, nationalism, the defense of Catholicism and the family, [[anti-Freemasonry]], and [[anti-Communism]]. |
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The aftermath of the Civil War was socially bleak: many of those who had supported the Republic fled into exile. Spain lost thousands of doctors, nurses, teachers, lawyers, judges, professors, businessmen, artists, etc. Many of those who had to stay lost their jobs or lost their rank. Sometimes those jobs were given to unskilled and even untrained personnel. This deprived the country of many of its brightest minds, and also of a very capable workforce.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} However, this was done to keep Spain's citizens consistent with the ideals sought by the Nationalists and Franco. |
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[[Image:Franco eisenhower 1959 madrid.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Franco and Eisenhower in Spain in 1959]] |
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With the end of World War II, Spain suffered from the economic consequences of its isolation from the international community. This situation ended in part when, due to Spain's strategic location in light of [[Cold War]] tensions, the United States entered into a trade and military alliance with Spain. This historic alliance commenced with [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]]'s visit in 1953 which resulted in the [[Pact of Madrid]]. Spain was then admitted to the [[United Nations]] in 1955. |
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In 1952, a syndicate from [[Dallas, Texas]], including [[Jack Crichton (Texas businessman)|Jack Crichton]], [[Everette Lee DeGolyer]], and [[Clint Murchison]] sought drilling rights to petroleum in Spain. The operation was handled by Delta Drilling Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/MDcrichton.htm|title=Jack Alston Crichton|publisher=spartacus.schoolnet.co|accessdate=April 8, 2010}}</ref> |
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===Political oppression=== |
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{| style="float:left; width:170px; border:solid #ccc 1px; margin:5px;" |
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|[[File:Estandarte de Francisco Franco (variante gules).svg|200px]] |
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|[[File:Personal Coat of Arms of Franco (Gules Variant).svg|240px]] |
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|[[File:Placa "Victor" Francisco Franco, detalle.jpg|200px]] |
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| style="padding:0 5px; font-size:85%; line-height:14px;"| * [[Royal Bend of Castile|Personal Standard Franco as Head of State]].<br/>* [[Royal Bend of Castile|Coat of arms of Franco as Head of State]].<br/>* The ''Victor'', another emblem used by Franco. |
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The first decade of Franco's rule in the 1940s following the end of the Civil War in 1939 saw continued oppression and the killing of an undetermined number of political opponents. Estimation is difficult and controversial, but the number of people killed probably lies somewhere between 15,000 and 50,000 (see above, ''The end of the Civil War''). |
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Subsequently Franco's state became less violent, but during his rule non-government [[trade union]]s and all political opponents across the [[political spectrum]], from [[communism|communist]] and [[anarchism|anarchist]] organizations to [[liberal democracy|liberal democrats]] and [[Catalan nationalism|Catalan]] or [[Basque nationalism|Basque]] separatists, were either suppressed or tightly controlled by all means, up to and including violent police repression. The ''[[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo]]'' (CNT) and the ''[[Unión General de Trabajadores]]'' (UGT) trade-unions were outlawed, and replaced in 1940 by the corporatist ''[[Sindicato Vertical]]''. The [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] and the ''[[Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya]]'' (ERC) were banned in 1939, while the [[Communist Party of Spain (main)|Communist Party of Spain]] (PCE) went underground. The [[Basque Nationalist Party]] (PNV) went into exile, and in 1959, the [[ETA]] armed group was created to wage a [[low-intensity warfare|low-intensity war]] against Franco. |
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Franco's Spanish nationalism promoted a unitary national identity by repressing Spain's cultural diversity. [[Bullfighting]] and [[flamenco]]<ref>Roman, Mar. "Spain frets over future of flamenco." 27 October 2007. Associated Press. [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071027/ap_en_mu/flamenco_for_foreigners]</ref> were promoted as national traditions while those traditions not considered "Spanish" were suppressed. Franco's view of Spanish tradition was somewhat artificial and arbitrary: while some regional traditions were suppressed, Flamenco, an [[Andalusia]]n tradition, was considered part of a larger, national identity. All cultural activities were subject to [[censorship]], and many were plainly forbidden (often in an erratic manner). This cultural policy relaxed with time, most notably in the late 1960s and early 1970s. |
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Franco also used [[Language politics in Spain under Franco|language politics]] in an attempt to establish national homogeneity. He promoted the use of Castilian Spanish and suppressed other languages such as [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Galician language|Galician]], and [[Basque language|Basque]]. The legal usage of languages other than Castilian was forbidden. All government, notarial, legal and commercial documents were to be drawn up exclusively in Castilian and any written in other languages were deemed null and void. The usage of any other language was forbidden in schools, in advertising, and on road and shop signs. Publications in other languages were generally forbidden. Citizens continued to speak these languages in private. This was the situation throughout the 1940s and, to a lesser extent, during the 1950s, but after 1960 the non-Castilian Spanish languages were freely spoken and written and reached bookshops and stages, although they never received official status. |
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On the other hand, the [[Catholic Church]] was upheld as the [[established church]] of the Spanish State, and regained many of the traditional privileges it had lost under the Republic. Civil servants had to be Catholic, and some official jobs even required a "good behavior" statement by a priest. Civil marriages which had taken place under Republican Spain were declared null and void unless confirmed by the Catholic Church, a difficult if not impossible requirement considering civil marriages were only possible after the couple made a public renunciation of the Catholic faith.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} [[Divorce]] was forbidden, and also contraceptives and abortion. |
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Francoism professed a devotion to the traditional role of women in society, that is: loving child to her parents and brothers, faithful to her husband, residing with her family. Official propaganda confined her role to family care and motherhood. Immediately after the war, most progressive laws passed by the Republic aimed at equality between the sexes were made void. Women could not become judges, or testify in trial. They could not become university professors. Their affairs and economy had to be managed by their father or by their husbands. Even in the 1970s a woman fleeing from an abusive husband could be arrested and imprisoned for "abandoning the home" (''abandono del hogar''). Until the 1970s a woman could not have a bank account without a [[co-sign]] by her father or husband.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} In the 1960s and 1970s the situation was somewhat relieved, but it was not until Franco's death that a more egalitarian view of the sexes was adopted.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} |
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The enforcement by public authorities of traditional [[Catholic values]] was a stated intent of the regime, mainly by using a law (the ''Ley de Vagos y Maleantes'', Vagrancy Act) enacted by [[Manuel Azaña|Azaña]].<ref>http://search.boe.es/g/es/bases_datos/tifs.php?coleccion=gazeta&anyo=1933&nbo=217&lim=A&pub=BOE&pco=874&pfi=877</ref> The remaining nomads of Spain ([[Romani people in Spain|Gitanos]] and [[Merchero]]s like [[Eleuterio Sánchez|El Lute]]) were especially affected. In 1954, [[homosexuality]], [[pedophilia]], and [[prostitution]] were, through this law, made criminal offenses,<ref>http://search.boe.es/datos/imagenes/BOE/1954/198/A04862.tif</ref> although its application was seldom consistent. |
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Most country towns, and rural areas, were patrolled by pairs of ''[[Guardia Civil (Spain)|Guardia Civil]]'', a military police for civilians, which functioned as his chief means of social control. Larger cities, and capitals, were mostly under the [[Policia Armada]], or ''grises'' ("greys") as they were called. Franco, like others at the time,{{Who|date=July 2007}} evidenced a concern about a possible [[Freemasonry|Masonic]] conspiracy against his regime. Some non-Spanish authors{{Who|date=July 2007}} have described it as being an "obsession".{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} |
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Student revolts, at universities in the late 1960s and early 1970s, were violently repressed by the heavily armed ''Policía Armada'' (Armed Police). Plainclothes secret police worked inside Spanish universities. In May 1972, an American student was arrested by university secret police in Barcelona and charged and imprisoned under martial law for the crime of wearing an old Spanish Army jacket. Although the US State Department, through its consulate in Barcelona, was notified, it elected not to intervene.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} |
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Franco continued to personally sign all death warrants until just months before he died, despite international campaigns requesting him to desist.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} |
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===Spanish colonial empire and decolonisation=== |
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{{See|Spanish Empire}} |
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Spain attempted to retain control of its colonial empire throughout Franco's rule. During the [[Algerian War]] (1954–62), Madrid became the base of the ''[[Organisation de l'armée secrète]]'' (OAS) right-wing French Army group which sought to preserve [[French rule in Algeria|French Algeria]]. Despite this, Franco was forced to make some concessions. When [[French Morocco]] became independent in 1956, he surrendered [[Spanish Morocco]] to [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Mohammed V]], retaining only a few enclaves (the ''[[Plazas de soberanía]]''). The year after, Mohammed V invaded [[Spanish Sahara]] during the [[Ifni War]] (known as the "Forgotten War" in Spain). Only in 1975, with the [[Green March]], did Morocco take control of all of the former Spanish territories in the Sahara. |
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In 1968, under United Nations pressure,{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} Franco granted Spain's colony of [[Equatorial Guinea]] its independence, and the next year, ceded the [[exclave]] of [[Ifni]] to [[Morocco]]. Under Franco, Spain also pursued a campaign to force a negotiation on the [[British overseas territory]] of [[Gibraltar]], and [[Disputed status of Gibraltar|closed its border with that territory]] in 1969. The border would not be fully reopened until 1985. |
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===Economic policy=== |
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{{cleanup|section|date=December 2009}} |
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{{See also|Economic history of Spain#The Franco Era, 1939-75|l1=Economic history of Spain: Economy under Franco}} |
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[[File:Spanish peseta coin with Franco 1963.gif|thumb|left|1963 [[Spanish peseta]] coin with the image of Franco saying: ''Francisco Franco, Leader of Spain, by the grace of God'']] |
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The Civil War had ravaged the Spanish economy. Infrastructure had been damaged, workers killed, and daily business severely hampered. For more than a decade after Franco's victory, the economy improved little. Franco initially pursued a policy of [[autarky]], cutting off almost all international trade. The policy had devastating effects, and the economy stagnated. Only black marketeers could enjoy an evident affluence. |
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According to Franco's detractor Nicolás Sartorius, a Czech engineer and con-man managed to convince the general that with the waters of the River Jarama, certain herbs and secret powders, Spain could get all the petroleum it needed. On another, he was convinced of a plan to solve the country's terrible hunger of the 1940s by feeding the population of 30 million with dolphin sandwiches. Some 200,000 people died of hunger{{Dubious|date=July 2009}} in the early years of Francoism, a period known as Los ''Años de Hambre'' (The Years of Hunger, or the Hungry Years). |
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On the brink of bankruptcy, a combination of pressure from the USA, the IMF and technocrats from Opus Dei managed to "convince" the regime to adopt a free market economy in 1959 in what amounted to a mini coup d'état which removed the old guard in charge of the economy, despite the opposition of Franco. This economic liberalisation was not, however, accompanied by political reforms and repression continued unabated, though these very reforms would lead to socio-economic changes in Spanish society which would make the regime's continuation 16 years later untenable.{{Or|October 2010|date=November 2010}} |
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Economic growth picked up after 1959 after Franco took authority away from these ideologues and gave more power to the apolitical technocrats. The country implemented several development policies and growth took off creating an economic boom that became known as the "[[Spanish Miracle]]". Concurrent with the absence of social reforms, and the economic power shift, a tide of mass emigration commenced to European countries, and to lesser extent, to South America. Emigration helped the regime in two ways. The country got rid of populations it would not have been able to keep in employment, and the emigrants supplied the country with much needed monetary remittances. |
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During the 1960s, the wealthy classes of Francoist Spain's population experienced further increases in wealth, particularly those who remained politically faithful. International firms established their factories in Spain where salaries were low, taxes nearly non-existent, strikes forbidden and workers' health or real state regulations were unheard of. Furthermore, Spain was virtually a new market. Spain became the second-fastest growing economy in the world, just behind Japan. By the time of Franco's death in 1975, Spain still lagged behind most of Western Europe, but the gap between its GDP per capita and that of the leading Western European countries had narrowed greatly and the country had developed a large industrialised economy. |
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===Regions=== |
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Franco was reluctant to enact any form of administrative and legislative decentralisation and kept a fully centralised government with a similar administrative structure to that established by the [[House of Bourbon]] and General [[Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja]]. Such structures were both based on the model of the French centralised State.The main drawback of this kind of management is that government attention and initiatives were irregular, and often depended more on the goodwill of regional Government representatives than on regional needs. Thus, inequalities in schooling, health care or transport facilities among regions were patent: classically affluent regions like Madrid, Catalonia, or the Basque Country fared much better than Extremadura, Galicia or Andalusia. Some regions, like Extremadura or La Mancha did not have a university. |
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The Basque Country and Catalonia were among the regions that offered the strongest resistance to Franco in the Civil War. Franco dissolved the autonomy granted by the [[Second Spanish Republic]] to these two regions and to [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]. Franco abolished the centuries-old fiscal privileges and autonomy (the ''[[fueros]]'') in two of the three Basque provinces: [[Guipuzcoa]] and [[Biscay]], but kept them for [[Alava]]. |
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Among Franco's greatest area of support during the civil war was [[Navarre]], also a Basque speaking region in its north half. Navarre remained a separate region from the Basque Country and Franco decided to preserve its also centuries' old fiscal privileges and autonomy, the so-called [[Fueros of Navarre]]. |
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Franco abolished the official statute and recognition for the [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Galician language|Galician]], and [[Catalan language]]s that the [[Second Spanish Republic]] had granted for the first time in the history of Spain. He returned to Castilian as the only official language of the State and education. The Franco era corresponded with the popularisation of the compulsory national educational system and the development of modern mass media, both controlled by the State and in the Castilian language, and heavily reduced the number of speakers of Basque, Catalan and Galician, as happened during the second half of the twentieth century with other European minority languages which were not officially protected like [[Scottish Gaelic]] or French [[Breton language|Breton]]. By the 1970s the majority of the population in the urban areas could not speak the [[minority language]] or, as in some Catalan towns, their use had been abandoned. The most endangered case was the Basque language. By the 1970s Basque had reached the point where the language was close to extinction and it is now recognised that the language would have disappeared in a few decades. This was the main reason that drove the Franquist provincial government of [[Alava]] to create a network of Basque medium schools ([[Ikastola]]) in 1973 which were State-financed. |
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==Franco's death and funeral== |
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[[File:Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos.jpg|thumb|Franco is entombed in the monument of Santa Cruz del [[Valle de los Caídos]]]] |
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[[File:Tombe Franco.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Franco's tomb]] |
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In 1969, Franco designated Prince [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos de Borbón]], with the new title of King of Spain, as his successor. This designation came as a surprise for the [[Carlism|Carlist]] pretender to the throne, as well as for Juan Carlos's father, [[Juan de Borbón|Don Juan, the Count of Barcelona]], who technically had a superior right to the throne. By 1973, Franco had surrendered the function of [[prime minister]] (''Presidente del Gobierno''), remaining only as head of state and commander in chief of the military. |
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As his final years progressed, tension within the various factions of the ''Movimiento'' would consume Spanish political life, as varying groups jockeyed for position to control the country's future. In July 1974, the aged Franco fell ill from various health problems, and Juan Carlos took over as Head of State. Franco soon recovered, but one year later he fell ill once again from more health problems including a long battle with [[Parkinson's Disease]]. By late October 1975, he fell into a coma and was put on life support. Franco died just after midnight on November 20, 1975, at the age of 82, just two weeks before his 83rd birthday — the same date as the death of [[José Antonio Primo de Rivera]], founder of the [[Falange]]. It is suspected that his doctors were ordered to keep him alive by respirator and life support machines until this symbolic date of the far-right. The historian Ricardo de la Cierva claims that on November 19th around 6 p.m., he was told that Franco had already died. After Franco's death, the interim government decided to bury him at [[Valle de los Caídos]], a colossal memorial to all the casualties of the Spanish Civil War, although it was conceived by Franco and has a distinctly nationalist tone. The monument, conceived personally by Franco, has a distinctly nationalist tone. Chilean president General [[Augusto Pinochet]], who revered Franco, attended his funeral, as did Bolivia's General [[Hugo Banzer]]. |
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==Franco's legacy== |
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{{See|Spanish transition to democracy}} |
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In Spain and abroad, the legacy of Franco remains controversial. The length of his rule, the suppression of opposition, and the effective propaganda sustained through the years has made a detached evaluation impossible. For 40 years, Spaniards, and particularly children at school were told that [[Divine Providence]] had sent him to save Spain from chaos and poverty. With time, the regime had evolved somewhat, and the ferocious oppression of the early 40's was decreased to some degree in later years. The relative economic success of this period created a considerable group of grateful citizens, who found the increase in everyday standard of living more significant than any human rights abuses.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} |
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[[File:Francoayto.jpg|left|thumb|200px|A statue of Franco in Santander which was removed in 2008]] |
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All public references to the Franco regime, including statues, portraits, street names, public buildings, parks, and symbols that were named after him during his reign, are currently banned by the Spanish government,<ref name=Guardian>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/oct/18/spain.paulhamilos |title=Rallies banned at Franco's mausoleum |accessdate=2010-01-03 |publisher=The Guardian | location=London | first=Paul | last=Hamilos | date=19 October 2007}}</ref> while the national anthem of Spain, the ''[[Marcha Real]]'', is no longer accompanied by the lyrics introduced by Franco. |
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In 2006, the [[BBC]] reported that [[Maciej Giertych]], an [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]] of the [[League of Polish Families]], had expressed admiration for Franco, stating that he "guaranteed the maintenance of traditional values in Europe".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5151504.stm Europe diary: Franco and Finland], [[BBC News]], 6 July 2006 {{en icon}}</ref> |
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Many Spaniards, particularly those who suffered under Franco's rule, have sought to remove official recognition of his regime. Most government buildings and street names that were named after him during his long rule, have been renamed to their original name. Several statues of Franco and other public Francoist symbols have been removed, with reportedly the last statue in Santander having been removed in 2008.<ref name=Statue>[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/Santander/retira/estatua/Franco/elpepuesp/20081218elpepunac_2/Tes''Santander retira la estatua de Franco''], [[El País]], 18 December 2008</ref> Curiously, the city of Melilla, located in North Africa, has the distinction of being the only place in Spain where a statue of Franco is still visible on a public street.<ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2009/04/13/espana/1239633215.html ''Melilla no retirará la estatua de Franco si Defensa no le da otra ubicación''] 14 April 2009</ref> In 2002, [[José Maria Aznar]]'s conservative government had voted against proposals to remove street names, statues and other symbols of the Franco era.<ref name=Statue/> |
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In March 2006, the Permanent Commission of the [[European Parliament]] unanimously adopted a resolution "firmly" condemning the "multiple and serious violations" of [[human rights]] committed in Spain under the Francoist regime from 1939 to 1975.<ref name=EP>[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/03/17/espana/1142617936.html ''Primera condena al régimen de Franco en un recinto internacional''], [[EFE]], ''[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]'', 17 March 2006 {{es icon}}</ref><ref>Von Martyna Czarnowska, [http://www.wienerzeitung.at/DesktopDefault.aspx?TabID=4399&Alias=Dossiers&cob=189475&DosCob=164869 Almunia, Joaquin: EU-Kommission (4): ''Ein halbes Jahr Vorsprung''], ''Weiner Zeitung'', 17 February 2005 (article in German language). Retrieved 26 August 2006.</ref> The resolution was at the initiative of the MEP [[Leo Brincat]] and of the historian [[Luis María de Puig]], and is the first international official condemnation of the repression enacted by Franco's regime.<ref name=EP/> The resolution also urged to provide public access to historians (professional and amateurs) to the various [[archive]]s of the Francoist regime, including those of the private ''[[Fundación Francisco Franco]]'' which, as well as other Francoist archives, remain as of 2006 inaccessible to the public.<ref name=EP/> The ''Fundación Francisco Franco'' received various archives from the [[El Pardo Palace]], and is alleged to have sold some of them to private individuals.<ref name="Cosecha"/> Furthermore, it urged the Spanish authorities to set up an underground [[art exhibition|exhibition]] in the Valle de los Caidos monument, in order to explain the "terrible" conditions in which it was built.<ref name=EP/> Finally, it proposes the construction of monuments to commemorate Franco's victims in Madrid and other important cities.<ref name=EP/> |
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In Spain, a commission to repair the dignity and restore the memory of the victims of Francoism (''Comisión para reparar la dignidad y restituir la memoria de las víctimas del franquismo'') was approved in the summer of 2004, and is directed by the socialist vice-president [[María Teresa Fernández de la Vega]].<ref name=EP/> |
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Recently the [[Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory]] (ARHM) initiated a systematic search for mass graves of people executed during Franco's regime, which has been supported since the [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]]`s (PSOE) victory during the [[Spanish general election, 2004|2004 elections]] by [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]]'s government. A ''Ley de la memoria histórica de España'' ([[Historical Memory Law|Law on the Historical Memory of Spain]]) was approved on 28 July 2006 by the [[Council of Ministers of Spain (8th Legislature)|Council of Ministers]],<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/07/28/international/i100712D03.DTL Spain OKs Reparations to Civil War Victims], Associated Press, 28 July 2006</ref> but it took until 31 October 2007 for the [[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|Congress of Deputies]] to approve an amended version as "The Bill to recognise and extend rights and to establish measures in favour of those who suffered persecution or violence during the Civil War and the Dictatorship" (in common parlance still known as Law of Historical Memory).<ref>[http://www.eumed.net/entelequia/pdf/2008/e07a19.pdf Politics As Usual? The Trials and Tribulations of The Law of Historical Memory in Spain], Georgina Blakeley (The Open University), 7 September 2008</ref> The [[Spanish Senate|Senate]] approved the bill on 10 December 2007.<ref>[http://www.senado.es/legis8/expedientes/621/index_621000133.html ''Proyecto de Ley por la que se reconocen y amplían derechos y se establecen medidas en favor de quienes padecieron persecución o violencia durante la Guerra Civil y la Dictadura''] {{es icon}}</ref> Among other things, the law is supposed to enforce an official recognition of the crimes committed against civilians during the Francoist rule and organize under state supervision the search for mass graves. |
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The accumulated wealth of Franco's family (including much [[real estate]] inherited from Franco, such as the ''[[Pazo de Meirás]]'', the ''[[Canto del Pico]]'' in [[Torrelodones]] or the [[Cornide Palace]] in the [[Coruña]]<ref name=Cosecha/>) has also been discussed. Estimates of the family's wealth have ranged from 350 million to 600 million [[euros]].<ref name=Cosecha/> When Franco was sick, the [[Cortes Generales|Cortes]] voted a pension for his wife, [[Carmen Polo]]. At the time of her death in 1988, Carmen Polo was receiving more than 12.5 million [[pesetas]] (four million more than [[Felipe González]], then head of the government).<ref name=Cosecha>Luis Gomez and Mabel Galaz, [http://www.elpais.com/articulo/reportajes/cosecha/dictador/elpepusocdmg/20070909elpdmgrep_1/Tes ''La cosecha del dictador]'', ''[[El Pais]]'', 9 September 2007 {{es icon}}</ref> |
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Due to Franco's human rights record, in 2007, the Spanish government banned all public references to the Franco regime and removed any statues, street names, memorials and symbols associated with the regime. Churches which retain plaques commemorating Franco and the [[Red Terror (Spain)|victims]] of his Republican opponents may lose state aid.<ref name=Guardian/> |
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==Ancestors== |
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{{ahnentafel top|width=100%}} |
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{{ahnentafel-compact5 |
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|1= 1. '''Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Andrade''' |
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|2= 2. Nicolás Franco y Salgado-Araújo |
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|3= 3. María del Pilar Bahamonde y Pardo de Andrade |
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|4= 4. Francisco Franco y Vietti |
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|5= 5. Hermenegilda Salgado-Araújo y Pérez |
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|6= 6. Ladislás Bahamonde y Ortega |
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|7= 7. María del Carmen Pardo de Andrade y Pardo de Andrade |
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|8= 8. Nicolás Franco y Sánchez |
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|9= 9. Josefa Vietti Berbabé Roberta y del Busto |
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|10= 10. Isidoro Salgado-Araújo y Belorado |
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|11= 11. Manuela Pérez y Alins |
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|12= 12. Ramón Bahamonde de Castro |
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|13= 13. Josefa Ortega y Medina |
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|14= 14. Francisco Javier Pardo de Andrade y Coquelin |
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|15= 15. Luisa Pardo de Andrade y Soto |
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|16= 16. Juan Franco de Viñas de Lamadrid y Freyre de Andrade |
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|17= 17. Josefa Sánchez Freyre de Andrade Canales de León y Piñeiro |
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|18= 18. Antonio de Vietti y Roberta, ?th Conde de Calabiana |
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|19= 19. Francisca Bernabé y del Busto |
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|20= 20. |
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|21= 21. |
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|22= 22. |
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|23= 23. |
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|24= 24. |
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|25= 25. |
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|26= 26. |
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|27= 27. |
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|28= 28. Ramón Pardo de Andrade y Bermúdez de Castro |
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|29= 29. Margarita Coquelin y Robin |
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|30= 30. Antonio Pardo de Andrade y del Río |
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|31= 31. Antonia Soto y Taboada |
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}} |
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{{ahnentafel bottom}} |
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==Franco in popular media== |
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{{Trivia|date=November 2010}} |
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===Series and documentary portrayals=== |
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* ''[[Raza (film)|Raza]]'' or ''[[Espíritu de una Raza]]'' (''Spirit of a Race'') (1941), based on a script by "Jaime de Andrade" (Franco himself), is the semi-autobiographical story of a military officer played by [[Alfredo Mayo]]. |
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*''[[Franco, ese hombre]]'' (''That man, Franco'') (1964) is a pro-Franco documentary film directed by [[José Luis Sáenz de Heredia]] |
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*The film version of ''[[Evita (musical)|Evita]]'' (1996) includes archive footage of Franco. |
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*Argentine actor [[José "Pepe" Soriano]] played both Franco and his double in ''[[Espérame en el cielo]]'' (''Wait for Me in Heaven'') (1988). |
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*[[Ramon Fontserè]] played him in ''[[¡Buen Viaje, Excelencia!]]'' (''Bon Voyage, Your Excellency!) (2003). |
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*The movie ''[[Dragon Rapide]]'' (1986) deal about the events previous to the Spanish Civil War, with the actor [[Juan Diego]] performing Franco in the almost one of the two "non-comical" performances of Franco. |
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*[[Manuel Alexandre]] played the ultimate Franco in the TV Movie ''[[20-N: Los ultimos dias de Franco]]'' (''20-N: The Last Days of Franco'') (2008), the other "realistic" performance of Franco. |
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*The Goya Winner [[Juan Echanove]] played the dictator in the surrealistic movie ''[[MadreGilda]]'' (''MotherGilda'') (1993). |
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*The comic actor [[Xavier Deltell]] played Franco in the movie ''[[Operacion Gonada]]'' (''Operation Gonad'') (2000) |
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*Various biopics from the Spanish TV, show the character of Franco in cameo appearances (the biopic about the Spanish president [[Adolfo Suarez]], the biopic about the Spanish Queen [[Sofia de Grecia]], the biopic about the Spanish King's cousin [[Alfonso de Borbon y Dampierre]]...) |
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*''[[...Y al tercer año resucito]]'' (''...And On the Third Year He Rose Again'') (1980) deal what would happen if Franco rose from the dead. |
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*[[Juan Viadas]] played Franco in the [[Álex de La Iglesia]]'s movie ''[[Balada Triste de Trompeta]]'' (''The Last Circus'') (2010) |
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===Other appearances=== |
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*The Swedish film [[Together (2000 film)|Together]] depicts a celebration triggered by the radio announcement of Franco's death. |
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*Franco was a running gag on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', where [[Weekend Update]] anchor [[Chevy Chase]] would frequently report that "[[Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead|Generalissimo Francisco Franco is Still Dead]]". |
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*Franco is featured in the novel ''[[Triage (novel)|Triage]]'' by [[Scott Anderson (novelist)|Scott Anderson]]. |
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*Franco is revealed to be Birdie's former lover in ''[[You've Got Mail]]'' |
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==See also== |
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* [[History of Spain]] |
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* [[Spain under Franco]] |
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* [[Ramón Serrano Súñer]] |
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* [[Luis Carrero Blanco]] |
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* [[Emilio Mola]] |
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* [[Spanish Legion]] |
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* [[Language politics in Francoist Spain]] |
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* [[Movimiento Nacional]] |
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* [[Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead]] |
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==References== |
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===Footnotes=== |
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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===Bibliography=== |
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<!-- Please order books alphabetically by the author's last name --> |
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{{Refbegin|2}} |
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*{{cite book |title=Democracy and civil war in Spain 1931–1939 |last=Blinkhorn|first=Martin|year=1988|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415006996|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |title=The Last Crusade: Spain 1936 |last=Carroll|first=Warren H|authorlink=Warren H. Carroll|year=2004|publisher=Christendom Press|isbn=0931888670|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |title=The Phoenix: Franco Regime 1936–1975 |last=Payne|first=Stanley G|authorlink=Stanley G. Payne|year=2000|publisher=Phoenix Press|isbn=1842120468|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |title=Franco: A Biography |last=Preston|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Preston|year=1994|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=0465025153|ref=harv}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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==Notes== |
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{{Reflist|group=note}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Sister project links|Francisco Franco}} |
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*[http://www.fnff.org National Foundation Francisco Franco.] |
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* {{worldcat id|lccn-n79-43066}} |
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{{S-start}} |
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{{Succession box|title=[[President of the Government of Spain (list)|President of the Government of Spain]]|before=[[Juan Negrín]]|after=[[Luis Carrero Blanco]]|years=1939–1973}} |
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{{s-bef| rows = 2 | before = [[Manuel Azaña]] }} |
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{{s-ttl| title = [[President of Spain]] |
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| years = 1939–1947 }} |
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{{s-aft| after = Monarchy reinstated with vacant throne; <br/>Franco acts as ''de facto'' [[regent]] }} |
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{{s-ttl| title = [[List of heads of state of Spain|Spanish Head of State]] |
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| years = 1939–1975 }} |
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{{s-aft| after = [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos I]] }} |
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{{S-end}} |
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{{SpanishPrimeMinisters}} |
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{{Cold War figures}} |
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<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> |
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{{Persondata |
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|NAME=Franco, Francisco |
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|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo, Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo (full name); Franco, Francisco (standard name) |
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Dictator and head of state of Spain |
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|DATE OF BIRTH={{birth date|1892|12|4|df=y}} |
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|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Ferrol, A Coruña]], Spain |
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|DATE OF DEATH={{death date|1975|11|19|df=y}} |
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|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Madrid]], Spain |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Franco, Francisco}} |
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[[Category:1892 births]] |
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[[Category:1975 deaths]] |
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[[Category:People from Ferrol]] |
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[[Category:Cold War leaders]] |
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[[Category:Falangism]] |
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[[Category:Carlism]] |
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[[Category:Spanish nationalism]] |
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[[Category:Francoist Spain]] |
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[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholics]] |
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[[Category:Generalissimos]] |
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[[Category:Military brats]] |
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[[Category:Heads of state of Spain]] |
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[[Category:Leaders who took power by coup]] |
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[[Category:Spanish anti-communists]] |
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[[Category:Spanish generals]] |
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[[Category:Spanish monarchists]] |
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[[Category:Spanish military personnel of the Spanish Civil War]] |
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[[Category:Spanish Roman Catholics]] |
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[[Category:World War II political leaders]] |
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[[Category:Presidents of Spain]] |
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[[Category:Knights of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation]] |
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{{Link GA|es}} |
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{{Link FA|hr}} |
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[[ang:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[ar:فرانسيسكو فرانكو]] |
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[[an:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[ast:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[az:Fransisko Franko]] |
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[[be:Франсіска Франка]] |
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[[be-x-old:Франсіска Франка]] |
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[[bs:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[bg:Франсиско Франко]] |
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[[ca:Francisco Franco Bahamonde]] |
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[[cs:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[cy:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[da:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[de:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[et:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[el:Φρανθίσκο Φράνκο]] |
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[[es:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[eo:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[ext:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[eu:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[fa:فرانسیسکو فرانکو]] |
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[[fo:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[fr:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[fy:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[ga:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[gl:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[ko:프란시스코 프랑코]] |
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[[hr:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[io:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[id:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[is:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[it:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[he:פרנסיסקו פרנקו]] |
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[[ka:ფრანსისკო ფრანკო]] |
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[[ht:Franco]] |
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[[la:Franciscus Franco]] |
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[[lv:Fransisko Franko]] |
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[[lb:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[lt:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[hu:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[mr:फ्रांसिस्को फ्रँको]] |
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[[arz:فرانسيسكو فرانكو]] |
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[[ms:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[nl:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[ja:フランシスコ・フランコ]] |
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[[no:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[nn:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[oc:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[pl:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[pt:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[ro:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[ru:Франко, Франсиско]] |
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[[simple:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[sk:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[sl:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[sr:Франсиско Франко]] |
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[[sh:Francisko Franko]] |
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[[fi:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[sv:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[th:ฟรันซิสโก ฟรังโก]] |
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[[tg:Франсиско Франко]] |
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[[tr:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[uk:Франциско Франко]] |
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[[vec:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[vi:Francisco Franco]] |
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[[zh-yue:佛朗哥]] |
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[[zh:弗朗西斯科·佛朗哥]] |
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