Frederick Reines: Difference between revisions

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sorry about this... when u r reading this dont stop or something bad will happen! my name is summer i am 15 years old i have blonde hair ,many scars no nose or ears.. i am dead. if u dont copy this just like from the ring, copy n post this on 5 more sites.. or.. i will appear one dark quiet night when ur not expecting it by your bed with a knife and kill u. this is no joke something good will happen to u if you post this on 5 more pages

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+sorry about this...
-{{Infobox Scientist
+when u r reading this dont stop or
-|name              =Frederick Reines
+something bad will happen! my name is
- |image             =Frederick Reines.jpg
+summer i am 15 years old i have blonde
- |image_width       =
+hair ,many scars no nose or ears.. i
- |caption           =Frederick Reines
+am dead. if u dont copy this just like
- |birth_date        =[[March 16]] [[1918]]
+from the ring, copy n post this on 5
- |birth_place       = [[Paterson, New Jersey]]
+more sites.. or.. i will appear one
- |death_date        =[[August 26]] [[1998]]
+dark quiet night when ur not expecting
- |death_place       =
+it by your bed with a knife and kill
- |residence         =
+u. this is no joke something good will
- |citizenship       =[[United States]]
+happen to u if you post this on 5 more
- |field             =[[Physics]]
+pages
- |known_for         =[[Neutrino]]s
- |prizes            =1995 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]
-}}
-'''Frederick Reines''' ([[March 16]] [[1918]] – [[August 26]] [[1998]]) was an [[United States|American]] [[physicist]]. He was awarded the 1995 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his co-detection of the [[neutrino]] with [[Clyde Cowan]] in the [[neutrino experiment]], and may be the only scientist in history "so intimately associated with the discovery of an [[elementary particle]] and the subsequent thorough investigation of its fundamental properties".<ref>[http://www.ps.uci.edu/physics/reinestrib.html Frederick Reines and the Neutrino, Jonas Schultz and Hank Sobel]</ref>
-== Early life ==
-Reines was born in [[Paterson, New Jersey]], the son of [[Jewish refugees|Jewish emigrants to the US from Russia]] and a  paternal relative of the [[Rabbi]] [[Yitzchak Yaacov Reines]], as the youngest of four children.  Reines and his family moved to upstate [[New York]], where he spent much of his childhood in a small town where his father ran a country store.  Looking back, Reines said: "My early childhood memories center around this typical American country store and life in a small American town, including [[Independence Day (United States)|4th of July]] celebrations marked by fireworks and patriotic music played from a pavilion bandstand."<ref name="autob">[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1995/reines-autobio.html Frederick Reines, Nobel Prize in Physics 1995, Autobiography]</ref>
-Reines later lived in [[North Bergen, New Jersey]], where he attended [[Horace Mann]] Elementary School, and then in [[Union City, New Jersey]], where he attended [[Union Hill High School]].  He had a variety of extracurricular activities, participation in his school’s singing group, and being a member of the History Forum, editor-in-chief of the school yearbook and an [[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|Eagle Scout]].<ref name="autob"/>
-== Discovery of an early passion for science ==
-Reines had a passion for creating and building things, and exhibited a love of science in his childhood.  In his autobiography given to the Nobel Prize Committee, he recalled, “The first stirrings of interest in science that I remember occurred during a moment of boredom at religious school, when, looking out of the window at twilight through a hand curled to [[simulate]] a [[telescope]], I noticed something peculiar about the light; it was the phenomenon of [[diffraction]]. That began for me a fascination with light." Ironically, Reines’ excelled in literary and history courses, but received average or low marks in science and math in his freshman year of high school, though he improved in those areas by his junior and senior years through the encouragement of an unidentified teacher who gave him a key to the school laboratory and gave him permission to work whenever he wanted.  This cultivated a love of science in Reines by his senior year, and led him in the direction of a career in science.  In response to a question seniors were asked for a yearbook quote, Reines responded, “To be a physicist extraordinaire.”  Reines graduated from high school in 1935.<ref name="autob"/>
-Reines said that his "early education was strongly influenced" by his older siblings.  They were studious pupils who became doctors and lawyers.<ref name="autob"/>
-Reines attended [[Stevens Institute of Technology]] in [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]], where he earned his [[Master’s degree|M.E.]] and [[Master’s degree|M.S.]] degrees, before receiving his [[Ph.D.]] from [[New York University]].  In 1940 he married Sylvia Samuels, to whom he remained married for the rest of his life.
-== Discovery of the neutrino and the inner workings of stars ==
-In 1944 Reines began working under [[Richard Feynman]] in the Theoretical Division of the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], where Reines became a group leader in 1945. In the early 1950s, working in [[Hanford Engineering Works|Hanford]] and [[Savannah River Site|Savannah River]] laboratories, Reines and his colleague, [[Clyde Cowan]], following a method first proposed in 1941 by [[Kan-Chang Wang|Wang Ganchang]] of using the [[k-electron capture|capture of k-electron]]s to detect the neutrino, developed the detection procedures by which they and a team of researchers in 1956 first detected [[neutrino]]s.  Neutrinos had been first proposed theoretically by [[Wolfgang Pauli]] 20 years earlier to explain undetected energy that escaped when a [[Beta decay|neutron decayed into a proton and an electron]].   From then on Reines dedicated the major part of his career to the study of the neutrino’s properties and interactions, which work would influence study of the neutrino for future researchers to come, including the discovery of neutrinos emitted from [[SN 1987A|Supernova SN1987A]] by the [[Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven (detector)|Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven]] Collaboration.<ref name="mem">[http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=hb1p30039g&chunk.id=div00047&brand=calisphere&doc.view=entire_text University of California: In Memoriam, 1998. Frederick Reines, Physics; Radiological Sciences: Irvine]</ref>    This  discovery helped to inaugurate the field of [[neutrino astronomy]].
-On the basis of his work in first detecting the [[neutrino]], Reines became the head of the physics department of [[Case Western Reserve University]] from 1959 to 1966.  At Case, Reines led a group that was the first to detect neutrinos created in the atmosphere by [[cosmic ray]]s.<ref name="PhyToday">[http://www.aip.org/pt/vol-54/iss-2/pdf/vol48no12p17-19.pdf ''Physics Today'', Volume '''54''', Number 2, pages 17-19, by Gloria B. Lubkin.]pdf file. Last retrieved June 12, 2007. </ref>  Reines had a booming voice, and had been a singer since childhood.  During this time, besides performing his duties as a research supervisor and chairman of the physics department, Reines sang in the Cleveland Orchestra Chorus under the direction of [[Robert Shaw (conductor)|Robert Shaw]] in performances with [[George Szell]] and the [[Cleveland Orchestra]].<ref name="mem"/>
-In 1966, Reines took most of his neutrino research team with him when he left for California to become the founding dean of physical sciences at the then new [[University of California, Irvine]] (UCI). While at UCI, Reines extended the research interests of some of his graduate students into the development of medical radiation detectors, such as for measuring total radiation delivered to the whole human body in [[radiation therapy]].<ref name="mem"/>
-[[Image:CygnusLoop.jpeg|right|thumbnail|Cygnus Loop]]
-Reines had prepared for the possibility of measuring the distant events of a supernova explosion. Supernova explosions are rare, but Reines thought he might be lucky, see one in his lifetime, and be able to catch the neutrinos streaming from it in his specially-designed detectors. According to a UCI obituary, during his wait for a supernova to explode, he put signs on some of his large neutrino detectors, calling them "Supernova Early Warning Systems".
-After Supernova 1987A exploded, researchers used the results of Reines's and others' measurements to figure out events in [[stellar evolution]]. According to these research findings, when a [[Stellar evolution#Supermassive stars|supermassive star]] collapses and then explodes, the resulting jets of neutrinos bombard the escaping masses to create the elements up through [[uranium]] that are heavier than iron. Researchers have concluded that without these natural neutrino processes in exploding supermassive stars, the [[Periodic table|elements]] like [[copper]], [[silver]], [[platinum]], and [[gold]] that are heavier than [[iron]] would not exist; at least no other natural process has been discovered that creates usable quantities of the elements heavier than iron.<ref name="mem"/>
-In 1995, Reines was honored, along with [[Martin L. Perl]] with the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], and his work with [[Clyde Cowan]] in first detecting the neutrino was recognized by the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]]. Reines also received many other awards, including the [[National Medal of Science]].
-Reines remained on UCI's faculty until his death of natural causes in 1998, aged 80. (After 1988 his title was [[professor emeritus]].) In addition to his wife, Reines was survived by his son Robert G., his daughter Alisa K. Cowden, and six grandchildren.
-== References ==
-{{reflist}}
-==Publications==
-*Reines, F. & C. L. Cowan, Jr. [http://www.osti.gov/cgi-bin/rd_accomplishments/display_biblio.cgi?id=ACC0156&numPages=9&fp=N "On the Detection of the Free Neutrino"], [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] (LANL) (through predecessor agency Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory), [[United States Department of Energy]] (through predecessor agency the [[Atomic Energy Commission]]), (August 6, 1953).
-*Reines, F., Cowan, C. L. Jr., Carter, R. E., Wagner, J. J. & M. E. Wyman. [http://www.osti.gov/cgi-bin/rd_accomplishments/display_biblio.cgi?id=ACC0157&numPages=40&fp=N "The Free Antineutrino Absorption Cross Section. Part I. Measurement of the Free Antineutrino Absorption Cross Section. Part II. Expected Cross Section from Measurements of Fission Fragment Electron Spectrum"], [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] (LANL) (through predecessor agency Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory), [[United States Department of Energy]] (through predecessor agency the [[Atomic Energy Commission]]), (June 1958).
-*Reines, F., Gurr, H. S., Jenkins, T. L. & J. H. Munsee. [http://www.osti.gov/cgi-bin/rd_accomplishments/display_biblio.cgi?id=ACC0158&numPages=14&fp=N "Neutrino Experiments at Reactors"], [[University of California-Irvine]], [[Case Western Reserve University]], [[United States Department of Energy]] (through predecessor agency the [[Atomic Energy Commission]]), (September 9, 1968).
-*Roberts, A., Blood, H., Learned, J. & F. Reines. [http://www.osti.gov/cgi-bin/rd_accomplishments/display_biblio.cgi?id=ACC0159&numPages=48&fp=N "Status and Aims of the DUMAND Neutrino Project: the Ocean as a Neutrino Detector"], [[Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory]] (FNAL), [[United States Department of Energy]] (through predecessor agency the [[Energy Research and Development Administration]]), (July 1976).
-*Sobel, H. W., Reines, F. & E. Pasierb. [http://www.slac.stanford.edu/cgi-wrap/getdoc/ssi80-018.pdf "Neutrino Instability"], [[University of California-Irvine]], (1980).
-==External links==
-*[http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/reines.html Biography and Bibliographic Resources], from the [[Office of Scientific and Technical Information]], [[United States Department of Energy]]
-*[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1995/reines-lecture.pdf Nobel  lecture] (pdf  format) Last retrieved  December 8, 2007.
-{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1976-2000}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Reines, Frederick}}
-[[Category:1918 births]]
-[[Category:1998 deaths]]
-[[Category:American Jews]]
-[[Category:American physicists]]
-[[Category:Case Western Reserve University faculty]]
-[[Category:Jewish American scientists]]
-[[Category:National Medal of Science laureates]]
-[[Category:New York University alumni]]
-[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
-[[Category:People from Paterson, New Jersey]]
-[[Category:People from New York]]
-[[Category:Stevens Institute of Technology alumni]]
-[[Category:University of California, Irvine faculty]]
-[[Category:Eagle Scouts]]
-[[Category:Sloan Research Fellowships]]
-[[bg:Фредерик Рейнс]]
-[[ca:Frederick Reines]]
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-[[mr:फ्रेडरिक राईन्स]]
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-[[ja:フレデリック・ライネス]]
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-[[ru:Райнес, Фредерик]]
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-[[zh:弗雷德里克·莱因斯]]