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Free Wales Army

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File:Flag of the Free Wales Army.svg
Eryr Wen.

The Free Wales Army (Template:Lang-cy) was a paramilitary Welsh nationalist organisation, formed at Lampeter in Cardiganshire by William Julian Cayo-Evans in 1963. Its objective was to establish an independent Welsh republic.

History

Overview

The FWA first appeared in public at a 1965 protest against the construction of the Llyn Celyn reservoir.[1] In 1966 they took part in Irish celebrations of the 50th anniversary of the Easter Rising, marching in Dublin.[2] A 1967 interview with David Frost brought the group to the attention of a wider audience.[3] The group courted publicity,[1] and its leaders attracted a great deal of media attention with extravagant claims of financial support from millionaires, "links with the IRA and Basque separatists," dogs trained to carry explosives, etc.[4] Members wore home-made uniforms and marched in historic sites like Machynlleth, as well as carrying out manoeuvres with small arms and explosives in the Welsh countryside and claiming responsibility for many of Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru's bombings.[3][4][5] They also advocated for families of victims of the Aberfan disaster whose compensation claims were being blocked, "marching on their behalf and working behind the scenes for them."[1][4]

Army

The group was generally not taken seriously by the media,[1] and one government memo warned against "taking the organisation's activities too seriously" saying this "would give to it an unmerited importance and publicity which its leaders are plainly seeking".[6] However, against a backdrop of Welsh nationalist bombings and protests against the investiture of Prince Charles as Prince of Wales the FWA presented an appealing target to the government, and in 1969 nine members were arrested and charged with public order offences.[4][5] The trial, in Swansea, lasted 53 days, ending on the day of the investiture.[5] On the first day of the trial the defendants were "greeted with an impromptu recital of Land of My Fathers from the public gallery."[4] Almost all of the prosecution's evidence came from journalists who had reported the group's claims.[4][5] Evans, his second-in-command, Dennis Coslett (who refused to speak English throughout the trial), and four other members were convicted; Evans and Coslett spent 15 months in jail.[4][7]

The Army's motto was "Fe godwn ni eto", Welsh for "We will rise again". Its crest was Eryr Wen, a stylised white eagle mounted on dark green shield, with the flag of Wales at the top left hand corner.

The FWA was rumoured to have received arms from the Official IRA (OIRA), although Evans later denied this.[3] In Ireland, one rumour—used against the OIRA by its rivals within Irish Republicanism—was that the OIRA had given or sold most of its weapons to the FWA as part of its turn away from political violence, leaving it defenceless when intercommunal violence erupted in Northern Ireland in August 1969.[8][9][10][11] Scott Millar, coauthor of a history of the OIRA, writes that there was contact between the two groups (including FWA members training in Ireland) but no large-scale transfer of arms took place.[12]

In 2009 photos of the group's exercises taken by undercover police officers (and introduced as evidence at the 1969 trial) were brought out of storage and put on display in a museum exhibit.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Higgit, Duncan (22 May 2004). "Dennis Coslett: Free Wales Army commandant". Western Mail. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
  2. ^ Pittock, Murray (1999). Celtic identity and the British image. Manchester University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-7190-5826-4.
  3. ^ a b c Stephens, Meic (21 May 2004). "Dennis Coslett: Dashing commandant of the Free Wales Army". The Independent. London. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "Funeral for Free Wales Army chief". BBC News. 26 May 2004. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
  5. ^ a b c d Hannan, Patrick (16 November 2005). "Obituary: Tony Lewis". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
  6. ^ "Free Wales Army inquiry revealed". BBC News Online. 30 March 2005. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
  7. ^ "Wales On Air - Free Wales Army". BBC. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
  8. ^ Whyte, J.H. (2004). "The north erupts, and Ireland enters Europe, 1968-72". In J.R. Hill (ed.). A New History of Ireland. Vol. VII. Oxford University Press. p. 339. ISBN 978-0-19-953970-3.
  9. ^ Burton, Frank (1978). The politics of legitimacy: struggles in a Belfast community. Taylor & Francis. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7100-8966-3.
  10. ^ Johnston, Roy H. W. (2004). Century of endeavour: a biographical and autobiographical view of the 20th century in Ireland. Academica Press. p. 286. ISBN 978-1-930901-76-6.
  11. ^ Caitlin, Hines (1994). "FROM CIVIL WAR TO THE WAR FOR CIVIL RIGHTS". Beyond the Pale. San Francisco, CA.: Irish Republican Socialist Committee of North America.
  12. ^ http://cedarlounge.wordpress.com/2009/09/17/the-lost-revolution-the-story-of-the-official-ira-and-the-workers-party-1/#comment-50851
  13. ^ http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2009/08/08/images-spark-interest-in-almost-forgotten-free-wales-army-91466-24348016/

Further reading

  • Programme of Photographic Exhibition. Hidden Country: Photographs of the Free Wales Army 1966-68 [1]. 7 July - 29 August 2009. John Hansard Gallery. University of Southampton.
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