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Functional selectivity

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Not to be confused with binding selectivity.

Functional selectivity (or “agonist trafficking”, “biased agonism”, “biased signalling”, "ligand bias" and “differential engagement”) is the ligand-dependent selectivity for certain signal transduction pathways relative to a reference ligand (often the endogenous hormone or peptide) at the same receptor.[1] Functional selectivity can be present when a receptor has several possible signal transduction pathways. To which degree each pathway is activated thus depends on which ligand binds to the receptor.[2] Functional selectivity, or biased signalling, is most extensively characterized at G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). A number of biased agonists, such as those at opioid receptors that mediate pain, show potential at various receptor families to increase beneficial properties while reducing side effects. For example, pre-clinical studies with G protein biased agonists at the mu opioid receptor show equivalent efficacy for treating pain with reduced risk for addictive potential and respiratory depression.[3][4]

Functional vs. traditional selectivity

Functional selectivity has been proposed to broaden conventional definitions of pharmacology.

Traditional pharmacology posits that a ligand can be either classified as an agonist (full or partial), antagonist or more recently an inverse agonist through a specific receptor subtype, and that this characteristic will be consistent with all effector (second messenger) systems coupled to that receptor. While this dogma has been the backbone of ligand-receptor interactions for decades now, more recent data indicates that this classic definition of ligand-protein associations does not hold true for a number of compounds; such compounds may be termed as mixed agonist-antagonists.

Functional selectivity posits that a ligand may inherently produce a mix of the classic characteristics through a single receptor isoform depending on the effector pathway coupled to that receptor. For instance, a ligand can not easily be classified as an agonist or antagonist, because it can be a little of both, depending on its preferred signal transduction pathways. Thus, such ligands must instead be classified on the basis of their individual effects in the cell, instead of being either an agonist or antagonist to a receptor.

It is also important to note that these observations were made in a number of different expression systems and therefore functional selectivity is not just an epiphenomenon of one particular expression system.

Examples

One notable example of functional selectivity occurs with the 5-HT2A receptor, as well as the 5-HT2C receptor. Serotonin, the main endogenous ligand of 5-HT receptors, is a functionally selective agonist at this receptor, activating phospholipase C (which leads to inositol triphosphate accumulation), but does not activate phospholipase A2, which would result in arachidonic acid signalling. However, the other endogenous compound dimethyltryptamine activates arachidonic acid signaling at the 5-HT2A receptor, as do many exogenous hallucinogens such as DOB and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Notably, LSD does not activate IP3 signaling through this receptor to any significant extent. Oligomers; specifically 5-HT2A–mGluR2Tooltip metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 heteromers mediate this effect. This may explain why some direct 5-HT2 receptor agonists have psychedelic effects, whereas compounds that indirectly increase serotonin signalling at the 5-HT2 receptors, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), generally do not; nor do 5HT2A receptor agonists without constitutive activity at the mGluR dimer, such as lisuride.[5]

Tianeptine, an atypical antidepressant, is thought to exhibit functional selectivity at the μ-opioid receptor to mediate its antidepressant effects.[6][7]

See also

References

  1. ^ Smith, Jeffrey S.; Lefkowitz, Robert J.; Rajagopal, Sudarshan (2018-01-05). "Biased signalling: from simple switches to allosteric microprocessors". Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. doi:10.1038/nrd.2017.229. ISSN 1474-1784. PMID 29302067.
  2. ^ Simmons MA (June 2005). "Functional selectivity, ligand-directed trafficking, conformation-specific agonism: what's in a name?". Mol. Interv. 5 (3): 154–7. doi:10.1124/mi.5.3.4. PMID 15994454.
  3. ^ Manglik, Aashish; Lin, Henry; Aryal, Dipendra K.; McCorvy, John D.; Dengler, Daniela; Corder, Gregory; Levit, Anat; Kling, Ralf C.; Bernat, Viachaslau (8 September 2016). "Structure-based discovery of opioid analgesics with reduced side effects". Nature. 537 (7619): 185–190. doi:10.1038/nature19112. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5161585. PMID 27533032.
  4. ^ Smith, Jeffrey S.; Lefkowitz, Robert J.; Rajagopal, Sudarshan (2018-01-05). "Biased signalling: from simple switches to allosteric microprocessors". Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. doi:10.1038/nrd.2017.229. ISSN 1474-1784. PMID 29302067.
  5. ^ Urban JD, Clarke WP, von Zastrow M, Nichols DE, Kobilka B, Weinstein H, Javitch JA, Roth BL, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM, Miller KJ, Spedding M, Mailman RB (January 2007). "Functional selectivity and classical concepts of quantitative pharmacology". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 320 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1124/jpet.106.104463. PMID 16803859.
  6. ^ Samuels BA, Nautiyal KM, Kruegel AC, Levinstein MR, Magalong VM, Gassaway MM, Grinnell SG, Han J, Ansonoff MA, Pintar JE, Javitch JA, Sames D, Hen R (2017). "The Behavioral Effects of the Antidepressant Tianeptine Require the Mu Opioid Receptor". Neuropsychopharmacology. doi:10.1038/npp.2017.60. PMID 28303899.
  7. ^ Cavalla, D; Chianelli, F (August 2015). "Tianeptine prevents respiratory depression without affecting analgesic effect of opiates in conscious rats". European Journal of Pharmacology. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.067. PMID 26068549.

Further reading


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