Giant resonance
Giant resonance is a high-frequency collective excitation of atomic nuclei, as a property of many-body quantum systems. In the macroscopic interpretation of such an excitation in terms of an oscillation, the most prominent giant resonance is a collective oscillation of all protons against all neutrons in a nucleus.
In 1947, G. C. Baldwin and G. S. Klaiber observed the giant dipole resonance (GDR) in photonuclear reactions,[1][2] and in 1972 the giant quadrupole resonance (GQR) was discovered,[3] and in 1977 the giant monopole resonance (GMR) was discovered in medium and heavy nuclei.[4]
Giant dipole resonances may result in a number of de-excitation events, such as nuclear fission, emission of neutrons or gamma rays, or combinations of these.
Giant dipole resonances can be caused by any mechanism that imparts enough energy to the nucleus. Classical causes are irradiation with gamma rays at energies from 7 to 40 MeV, which couple to nuclei and either cause or increase the dipole moment of the nucleus by adding energy that separates charges in the nucleus. The process is the inverse of gamma decay, but the energies involved are typically much larger, and the dipole moments induced are larger than occur in the excited nuclear states that cause the average gamma decay.
High energy electrons of >50 MeV may cause the same phenomenon, by coupling to the nucleus via a "virtual gamma photon," in a nuclear reaction that is the inverse (i.e., reverse) of internal conversion decay.
See also
References
- ^ Baldwin, G.; Klaiber, G. "Photo-Fission in Heavy Elements". Physical Review. 71 (1): 3–10. Bibcode:1947PhRv...71....3B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.71.3.
- ^ Chomaz, section 2.1 (page 5)
- ^ Chomaz, section 2.2.1.1 (page 14)
- ^ Chomaz, section 2.2.2.1 (page 20)
Further reading
- M. N. Harakeh, A. van der Woude: Giant Resonances: Fundamental High-Frequency Modes of Nuclear Excitation, Oxford Studies in Nuclear Physics, Oxford University Press, USA, July 2001, ISBN 978-0-19-851733-7
- P. F. Bortignon, A. Bracco, R. A. Broglia: Giant Resonances, Contemporary Concepts in Physics, CRC Press, July 1998, ISBN 978-90-5702-570-9
External links
- Chomaz, Ph.: Collective excitations in nuclei
- Brink, G. M.: Giant resonances in excited nuclei
- Giant nuclear resonances, AssessScience.com
- Giant nuclear resonance, Answers.com referring to the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology
- Snover, K. A. (1986). "Giant Resonances in Excited Nuclei". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 36: 545–603. Bibcode:1986ARNPS..36..545S. doi:10.1146/annurev.ns.36.120186.002553.
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