Golomb–Dickman constant

In mathematics, the Golomb–Dickman constant, named after Solomon W. Golomb and Karl Dickman, is a mathematical constant, which arises in the theory of random permutations and in number theory. Its value is

$\lambda =0.62432998854355087099293638310083724\dots$ (sequence A084945 in the OEIS)

It is not known whether this constant is rational or irrational.

It's continued fraction is given by $[0;1,1,1,1,1,22,1,2,3,1,...]$, which appears to have an unusually large number of 1s.

Definitions

Let a_n be the average — taken over all permutations of a set of size n — of the length of the longest cycle in each permutation. Then the Golomb–Dickman constant is

$\lambda =\lim _{n\to \infty }{\frac {a_{n}}{n}}.$

In the language of probability theory, $\lambda n$ is asymptotically the expected length of the longest cycle in a uniformly distributed random permutation of a set of size n.

In number theory, the Golomb–Dickman constant appears in connection with the average size of the largest prime factor of an integer. More precisely,

$\lambda =\lim _{n\to \infty }{\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{k=2}^{n}{\frac {\log(P_{1}(k))}{\log(k)}},$

where $P_{1}(k)$ is the largest prime factor of k (sequence A006530 in the OEIS) . So if k is a d digit integer, then $\lambda d$ is the asymptotic average number of digits of the largest prime factor of k.

The Golomb–Dickman constant appears in number theory in a different way. What is the probability that second largest prime factor of n is smaller than the square root of the largest prime factor of n? Asymptotically, this probability is $\lambda$. More precisely,

$\lambda =\lim _{n\to \infty }{\text{Prob}}\left\{P_{2}(n)\leq {\sqrt {P_{1}(n)}}\right\}$

where $P_{2}(n)$ is the second largest prime factor n.

The Golomb-Dickman constant also arises when we consider the average length of the largest cycle of any function from a finite set to itself. If X is a finite set, if we repeatedly apply a function f: X → X to any element x of this set, it eventually enters a cycle, meaning that for some k we have $f^{n+k}(x)=f^{n}(x)$ for sufficiently large n; the smallest k with this property is the length of the cycle. Let b_n be the average, taken over all functions from a set of size n to itself, of the length of the largest cycle. Then Purdom and Williams proved that

$\lim _{n\to \infty }{\frac {b_{n}}{\sqrt {n}}}={\sqrt {\frac {\pi }{2}}}\lambda .$

Formulae

There are several expressions for $\lambda$. These include:

$\lambda =\int _{0}^{1}e^{\mathrm {li} (t)}\,dt$

where $\mathrm {li} (t)$ is the logarithmic integral,

$\lambda =\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-t-E_{1}(t)}\,dt$

where $E_{1}(t)$ is the exponential integral, and

$\lambda =\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\rho (t)}{t+2}}\,dt$

and

$\lambda =\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\rho (t)}{(t+1)^{2}}}\,dt$

where $\rho (t)$ is the Dickman function.

See also

• Random permutation
• Random permutation statistics

External links

• Weisstein, Eric W. "Golomb-Dickman Constant". MathWorld.
• OEIS sequence A084945 (Decimal expansion of Golomb-Dickman constant)
• Finch, Steven R. (2003). Mathematical Constants. Cambridge University Press. pp. 284–286. ISBN 0-521-81805-2.