Gonnema
Gonnema was a Khoikhoi chieftain of the Cochoqua tribe in 17th century South Africa. He was the primary antagonist of the Dutch East India Company in the Second Khoikhoi–Dutch War.
Despite the Company's opposition to war with the Khoikhoi, individual soldiers aroused the ire of the Cochoqua by looting their cattle; by the early 1670s, Gonnema and his tribe were sufficiently incensed to take up arms.[1] In 1673 Gonnema murdered a hunting party of eight burghers.[2] A commando unit led by Ensign Hieronymous Cruse was sent against him,[3] which failed to capture the tribe's kraal.[4] However, they were successful in taking prisoners, who were subsequently executed.[1] Gonnema's men also attacked and plundered the Company's fort at Saldhana Bay.[2] Beyond these attacks, Gonnema waged a primarily defensive strategy for the remainder of the hostilities.[5]
The following year a combined force of Europeans, burghers and Khoikhoi (the Goringhaiqua and Gorochouqua tribes) was sent against Gonnema, but again failed to capture him. Rather than retaliating immediately, Gonnema responded by preventing the local tribes from trading with the Europeans,[6] although in November he raided the Europeans' Khoikhoi allies.[1] He attacked the Goringhaiquas and Gorochouquas again at Tigerberg in early 1675, where fifteen Cochoquas were killed by Dutch East Inda Company reinforcements. Gonnema himself, however, escaped once again.[1][2]
Another commando unit was sent against the Cochoqua in 1676, but again they failed to capture Gonnema, returning instead with a handful of prisoners and several hundred head of cattle.[3]
By 1677 Gonnema was willing to sue for peace, an act which was well received by the Dutch. A settlement was reached whereby Gonnema's tribe would pay tribute of 30 head of cattle each year.[1][2][3]
References
- ^ a b c d e Wilmot, Alexander; History of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope: From its discovery to the year 1819; Longmans, 1869
- ^ a b c d Theal, George McCall; History and Ethnography of Africa South of the Zambesi, from the Settlement of the Portuguese at Sofala in September 1505 to the Conquest of the Cape Colony by the British in September 1795, Cambridge University Press, 2 Dec 2010 p484
- ^ a b c Moodie, D; The Record: Or, a Series of Official Papers Relative to the Condition and Treatment of the Native Tribes of South Africa Cambridge University Press, 22 Dec 2011
- ^ Burman, José; Who really discovered South Africa?, Struik, 1969, p48
- ^ Elphick, Richard; The Shaping of South African society, 1652-1840, Maskew Miller Longman, 1989, p14
- ^ Muller, C.F.J. Five hundred years: a history of South Africa, Academica Press, 1986, p56