Grey Wolves (organization): Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
The Myotis (talk | contribs) rv unexplained deletion |
Xianbataar (talk | contribs) ←Blanked the page |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{two other uses|the Turkish political group|the animal|Gray Wolf|the [[Death industrial#Death industrial|death industrial]] music group|The Grey Wolves}} |
|||
[[Image:Greywolfyouth.jpg|right|thumb|Image of youths supporting Grey Wolves movement, published on Rozaneh Magazine. The hand gesture on the picture (wolf head) is commonly used by Grey Wolves]] |
|||
'''Grey Wolves''' ({{lang-tr|Bozkurtlar}}) is the youth organization of the [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[Nationalist Movement Party]] ("Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi", MHP)<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.htm?tbl=RSDCOI&page=research&id=3ae6a63f4 " Update to the UNHCR CDR Background Paper on Refugees and Asylum Seekers from Turkey"] - [[UNHCR]] movement founded by [[Alparslan Türkeş]] in [[1969]].</ref> They are named after [[Asena]], a [[legend]]ary ancient female [[Gray Wolf|wolf]] that led captive [[Turkish people|Turks]] to freedom. Their formal name in Turkish is ''ülkücüler'' (idealists) and ''Ülkücü Hareket'' (The Idealist Movement), inspired from 19th Century Turkish writer [[Ziya Gökalp]] later developed by 20th century writer [[Nihal Atsiz]] (who is also high school teacher of Alparslan Türkeş) and [[Italian fascism|Italian fascist]] [[Giovanni Gentile]]'s "[[Actual Idealism]]" theory as a pseudo-philosophical reference. ''Ülkü Ocakları'' (Forges of Ideal), the proper platform of Grey Wolves, denies any "direct" links with MHP and presents itself as an independent youth organisation. Their female supporters are called ''[[Asena]]''. When loudly acclaimed while visiting an [[İstanbul]] [[synagogue]] in [[1992]], [[Alparslan Türkeş]] referred to the gatherers, with some humor, as the "Grey Wolves of [[Moses]]".<ref>{{tr icon}} [http://www.hurriyetim.com.tr/haber/0,,sid~7@tarih~2003-11-29-t@nvid~340804,00.asp www.hurriyetim.com.tr]</ref> Turkish authorities accused the organization in 1981 of carrying out 694 murders in the years of 1974 to 1980.<ref>Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, & Literature By Albert J. Jongman, Alex Peter Schmid, pp. 674</ref> It is considered as a terrorist organization by [[Martin A. Lee]]<ref name="consort">[http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/story33.html The Consortium<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and Khitij Prabha of the Indian Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses (IDSA)<ref>http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/sa/sa_apr00prk01.html</ref> |
|||
==History== |
|||
=== Foundation and ideology === |
|||
The Grey Wolves were founded as the youth organization of the [[Nationalist Movement Party]] (MHP) created by [[Alparslan Türkeş]] in 1969.<ref name="lee">{{cite book| |
|||
title = The Beast Reawakens: Fascism's resurgence from Hitler's Spymasters to Today's Neo-Nazi Groups and Right Wing Extremists | |
|||
author = Martin A. Lee | date=1999 | publisher=[[Routledge]] | id=0415925460}}</ref> A significant pillar of the MHP's ideology is the dream of creating the [[Turan]], the "Great Turkish Empire", including all [[Turkic peoples]] mainly in the successor [[Central Asia]]n countries of the former [[Soviet Union]] as well as the [[Caucasus]] and the [[Uyghur people|Uygurs]]' homeland of [[East Turkestan]] found in the [[Xinjiang]] province of Northwestern [[China]]. The concept of Turan is similar to concepts of [[Pan-Arabism|Pan-Arab Nationalism]] spearheaded by [[Gamal Nasser]], which aimed to unite Arab nations. However, many [[Armenians]] and [[Greeks]] link Alparslan Türkeş, the Grey Wolves, and their ideology, to [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Nazism]], comparing them to [[Pan-Aryan]] ideologies. <ref> [http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/story33.html "On the Trail of Turkey's Terrorist Grey Wolves"], [[Martin A. Lee]], in ''[[Consortium News]]'', 1997 </ref> |
|||
The Grey Wolves also rally around [[Pan-Turkism|Pan-Turkic Causes]] including: the economic isolation and territorial integrity of the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]]; the [[Armenia|Armenian]] control of [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] and surrounding areas, and the subsequent displacement of [[Azeris|Azeri civilians]]; the suppression of the [[Iraqi Turkmens]] in [[Kirkuk|Kerkük]] and adjacent regions in [[Iraqi Kurdistan|Northern Iraq]] by the [[Kurdistan Regional Government]]; and the suppression of [[Uyghur people|Uygur]] culture and Chinese colonization of [[Eastern Turkestan]]. The Grey Wolves are also known to be supporters of [[Iranian Azeris|Azeri activists]] that campaign for greater cultural rights in [[Iran]]. |
|||
They have also been known to support non-Turkic people whom they consider to have kinship with [[Turkish people]]. It is for this reason that Grey Wolves have supported the [[First Chechen War|Chechen Independence Struggle]], the [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]]-led [[Albanians|Albanian]] movement in [[Kosovo]], and the [[Bosniaks]]' resistance in the [[Bosnian War]]. Members of the Grey Wolves are requested by interpol for the murder of Tasos Isaac in Cyprus on the 12th of March 1996 <sup>1[(http://www.btinternet.com/~argyros.argyrou/Update4.htm</sup>)] |
|||
=== Role in 1980 military coup === |
|||
At the time of the [[Turkish military coup, 1980|military coup of September 12, 1980]], led by general [[Kenan Evren]] (who was also the leader of Counter-Guerrilla)<ref name="Ganser"/> there were some 1,700 Grey Wolves organizations, with about 200,000 registered members and a million sympathisers. However, after being useful for Kenan Evren's [[strategy of tension]], the leader of the Counter-Guerrilla turned president outlawed the MHP and the Grey Wolves. Colonel Türkeş and other Grey Wolves were arrested. In its indictment of the MHP in May 1981, the Turkish military government charged 220 members of the MHP and its affiliates for 694 murders, according to [[Edward S. Herman|Edward Herman]] and Frank Brodhead in ''The Rise and Fall of the Bulgarian Connection''.<ref> (New York, 1986, quoted by Ganser) </ref> However, Grey Wolves imprisoned members were offered release if they accepted to fight the [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] separatist movement and the [[Kurdistan Workers Party|PKK]],<ref>(see interview of Grey Wolves member İbrahim Çiftçi with ''[[Milliyet]]'' on October 13, 1996, quoted by Ganser) </ref> and [[ASALA]] ("Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia"). |
|||
The Grey Wolves then lost many of its core cadres to the [[neo-liberal]] [[Motherland Party (Turkey)|Motherland Party]] or various vestiges of the [[Islamist]] movement. In 1983, the Nationalist Task Party ("Milliyetçi Çalışma Partisi", MÇP) was founded as a successor to the MHP; as of [[1992]] it is again known as the MHP. |
|||
===Role in Kurdish affairs=== |
|||
The MHP is strongly opposed to [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] separatists, namely the militant [[Kurdistan Workers Party|PKK]], although they nevertheless do have some Kurdish supporters, who are called Bozkürtler or "Grey Kurds". |
|||
The paramilitary wing of the Grey Wolves have been utilized by the Turkish intelligence services to assassinate PKK leaders.<ref name="lee" /> The fact that Counter-Guerrilla had engaged in torture was confirmed by [[Talat Turhan]], a former Turkish colonel.<ref name="Ganser" /> |
|||
===Activities to date=== |
|||
On a global scale, the Grey Wolves are suspected to have been responsible for numerous political assassinations and disappearances of Turkish and Kurdish human rights activists, and are known to have ties with the [[Turkish mafia]].<ref> [http://www.hr-action.org/thr/LATimes041298.htm "Turkish Dirty War Revealed, but Papal Shooting Still Obscured"], [[Martin A. Lee]], in ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', [[April 12]], [[1998]] </ref> |
|||
The Grey Wolves have also raised funds for [[Chechnya|Chechen]] guerilla separatists, whom they consider their Turkish brothers.<ref>{{cite web | title=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/russia/story/chechnya/istanbul.connection/ | work= | url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/russia/story/chechnya/istanbul.connection/ | accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
In 1996 the Grey Wolves were brought in great numbers to resist a peaceful protest against the occupation of Cyprus by Greek Cypriot members of the Cypriot Motorcycle association. As a result, the violent beating perpetuated by members of the group Tasos Isaac was brutally murdered. The activities were captured [(http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/cna/1996/96-08-12.cna.html)] |
|||
In [[2004]], the Grey Wolves successfully prevented the screening of [[Atom Egoyan]]'s ''[[Ararat (movie)|Ararat]]'' in Turkey, a film about the [[Armenian Genocide]].<ref> {{Cite news | title=Egoyan award winning film not shown yet in Turkey | accessdate=2006-05-06 | publisher=''[[Toronto Star]]'' | url=http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/pen-l/2004w01/msg00066.htm}}</ref><ref> [http://adl.hayway.org/default_zone/gb/html/page3590.html Gray Wolves Spoil Turkey's Publicity Ploy on ''Ararat'']</ref><ref>{{tr icon}} [http://www.bozkurt.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1934 Ülkü Ocaklari: Ararat Yayinlanamaz]</ref><ref>{{tr icon}} [http://www.bozkurt.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1905 Ülkü Ocaklari: ARARAT'I Cesaretiniz Varsa Yayinlayin!]</ref> |
|||
== Links to intelligence and organised crime == |
|||
Numerous sources show that the MHP and the Grey Wolves had ties to the Turkish [[mafia]], to the Turkish intelligence services as well as to the [[CIA]] and other intelligence agencies. [[Emin Değer]], former military public attorney and member of the Turkish [[Supreme Court]], has established that the Grey Wolves' collaborated with the [[counter-insurgency]] governmental forces, as well as the close ties between these state security forces and the CIA<ref name="Diplo2"> {{fr icon}} [http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1997/03/LEE/8019.html "Les liaisons dangereuses de la police turque"], in ''[[Le Monde diplomatique]]'', March 1997 </ref><ref> ''The Double Standard: The Turkish State and Racist Violence'' (Chapter 13) in ''Racism in Europe'' (edited by Tore Bjorgo) (ISBN 0-312-12409-0) </ref><ref> Maksudyan, N. ''The Turkish Review of Anthropology and the Racist Face of Turkish Nationalism'', in ''[[Cultural Dynamics]]'', 2005, Volume 17, Issue 3, pgs 291-322. </ref> Indeed, [[Martin A. Lee]] also wrote that the para-military wing of the Grey Wolves were covertly supported by the CIA, which worked with the [[Gladio]] network,<ref name="lee" /> while a December 5, 1990 article by the Swiss ''[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]]'' stated that the Counter-Guerrilla had their headquarters in the building of the US [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA military secret service]].<ref name="ETH Chronology"> [http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/collection_gladio/chronology.htm Chronology of Gladio events], at the ISN institute] hosted by [[ETH Zürich]] </ref> ''[[Le Monde diplomatique]]'' wrote that "the CIA used proponents of the Greater Turkey to stir up anti-[[Soviet Union|sovietic]] passions at the heart of Turkish Muslim minorities in the Soviet Union".<ref name="Diplo2"/> Thus, in 1992, colonel Türkes went to newly-independent [[Azerbaijan]], where he was acclaimed as a hero. He supported Grey Wolves sympathiser [[Abülfaz Elçibay]]'s candidacy to the presidency. Once elected, Elçibay chose as ministry of Interior [[İsgandar Hamidov]], a member of the Grey Wolves who plead for the creation of a Greater Turkey which would include northern [[Iran]] and extend itself to [[Siberia]], [[India]] and China. Hamidov resigned in April 1993 after having threatened [[Armenia]] with a [[nuclear warfare|nuclear strike]].<ref name="Diplo2"/> |
|||
According to Daniele Ganser, a researcher at the [[ETH Zürich]] University, the founder of the Grey Wolves, [[Alparslan Türkeş]] was a member of [[Counter-Guerrilla]], the Turkish branch of [[Gladio]], a [[stay-behind]] [[NATO]] [[anticommunist]] paramilitary organization which was supposed to prepare networks for [[guerilla warfare]] in case of a [[Soviet]] invasion.<ref name="Ganser"> {{cite book| |
|||
title = NATO's Secret Armies, [[Operation Gladio]] and Terrorism in Western Europe | |
|||
author = Daniele Ganser | date=2005 | publisher=[[Franck Cass]] | location=London |id=0714685003}} </ref> ''[[Le Monde diplomatique]]'' confirms that the Grey Wolves were infiltrated and manipulated by Gladio, and that important Grey Wolves member [[Abdullah Çatlı]] had worked with Gladio. According to the same article, Abdullah Çatlı met with Italian international terrorist [[Stefano Delle Chiaie]], who, apart of taking part in Italy' strategy of tension, also maintained links with [[Augusto Pinochet|Pinochet]]'s [[DINA]] and participated in the Argentinian [[dirty war]].<ref> {{en icon}}/{{fr icon}} {{cite news | title= "Turkey's pivotal role in the international drug trade"| date=1998 July|publisher=[[Le Monde Diplomatique]]|url=http://mondediplo.com/1998/07/05turkey}} </ref> However, in [[History of Italy as a Republic|Italy]], [[History of Greece|Greece]], and Turkey, Gladio supported a [[strategy of tension]] (''strategia della tensione'' in Italian) which used [[false flag]]s terrorist attacks in order to discredit the communist movement.<ref> [http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/collections/coll_gladio.htm#Documents Official documents on ISN] (hosted by [[ETH Zürich]]) concerning Gladio, including [[SIFAR]] (Italian military service) report on Gladio, extracts of former CIA director [[William Colby]]'s memoirs, Italian prime minister [[Giulio Andreotti]]'s public revelation to the Senate of the existence of Gladio in October 1990, Parliamentary investigation into the Swiss Defense Ministry, 1995 Italian parliamentary report on Terrorism, etc </ref><ref> [http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/news/media_desk.htm#Gladio Secret Warfare: Operation Gladio and NATO's Stay-Behind Armies] [[ETH Zürich]] research project on Gladio directed by Dr. Daniele Ganser. Many documents available in various languages, including Turkish articles; audio interviews of Ganser; Ganser's June 2005 article in ''The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations''; ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' article, etc. </ref> |
|||
==Grey Wolves outside of Turkey== |
|||
===Republic of Azerbaijan=== |
|||
[[Alparslan Türkeş]] visited [[Azerbaijan]] in 1992, was greeted as a hero, and rallied [[Azeris]] and the Grey Wolves have many supporters within the Azeri government <ref name="consort">[http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/story33.html The Consortium<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. During the 1992-1993 [[Azerbaijani Popular Front Party|Popular Front]] government in Azerbaijan, a member of Grey Wolves' ("Bozqurt") Party, [[Isgandar Hamidov]], served as the Minister of Interior and president [[Abulfaz Elcibey]] himself was a Grey Wolf sympathizer.<ref name="consort"/>. The Grey Wolves are believed to have provided support to Azeri forces fighting [[Armenians]] during the [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] conflict. The Grey Wolves Party still functions in Azerbaijan, although its name has been changed to the [[Azerbaijan National Democrat Party]].<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/reports/caucasus-report/2003/06/23-260603.asp ''AZERBAIJANI PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION CAMPAIGN GETS UNDER WAY'' (2003)]</ref><ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/05/251C8D2D-F3A7-4362-A70B-5FD2EC8F047D.html ''Azerbaijan: Date For Presidential Ballot Confirmed'' by Liz Fuller (May 30, 2007)]</ref> |
|||
===Cyprus=== |
|||
The Grey Wolves went to Cyprus to support Turkish Cypriot protesters in 1996. The Grey Wolves were involved in attacks on Greek Cypriot properties and Greek Cypriot activists [http://www.kypros.org/Embassy/Newsletter/1996/sept96.html]. |
|||
===Europe=== |
|||
====Italy==== |
|||
According to investigative reporter [[Lucy Komisar]], the 1981 attempt on [[Pope John Paul II]]'s life by Grey Wolves member [[Mehmet Ali Ağca]] may have been related to [[Gladio]]. Ali Ağca would in this case have been manipulated by NATO's clandestine structure, in an attempt to fuel again Italy's strategy of tension, which last big event was the 1980 [[Bologna massacre]]. Komissar underlines the fact that Ali Ağca had worked with Abdullah Çatlı in the [[January 1]], [[1979]] murder of [[Abdi İpekçi]], the editor of left-wing newspaper ''[[Milliyet]]''. "Çatlı then reportedly helped organize Ağca's escape from an Istanbul military prison, and some have suggested Catli was even involved in the Pope's assassination attempt" reports Lucy Komisar, adding that at the scene of the Mercedes-Benz crash where Çatlı died, he was found with a passport under the name of "Mehmet Özbay" - an alias also used by Mehmet Ali Ağca.<ref name="Komisar">{{cite web| url = http://www.monitor.net/monitor/9703b/turkeycia-sidebar.html | title = The Assassins of a Pope | author = Lucy Komisar | accessdate = 2006-07-04}}</ref> |
|||
====Western Europe==== |
|||
The Grey Wolves in western Europe today were originally sent there at the end of the 1970s and the early 1980s to infiltrate Turkish immigrant workers. Their task was to combat Turkish left-wingers who had left Turkey because of harsh state repression but, later also focused on Kurds. As a result, the Grey Wolves stepped up their activities in the Netherlands by founding the TFN, Turkish Federation of Holland, in 1995. The latter now has around 56 local units and an estimated membership of 30,000. The Grey Wolves in Europe are responsible for many killings and attacks.<ref>[http://www.xs4all.nl/~afa/alert/engels/greyw.html AFA: Fascist Grey Wolves in the Netherlands<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
|||
===Armenian Genocide=== |
|||
They have also held rallies in other countries demonstrating against recognition of the [[Armenian Genocide]] which took place starting on April 24, 1915.<ref>[http://www.xs4all.nl/~afa/alert/engels/sl6_2005.html Alert!: Turkish extreme nationalist protest against Armenian genocide<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
|||
==Some significant slogans== |
|||
{{Refimprove|date=August 2007}} |
|||
* ''Tanrı Türk'ü Korusun ve Yüceltsin!'' (God save and sublime the Turk!) |
|||
* ''Ülkücü Hareket Engellenemez!'' (The idealist movement can't be hampered!) |
|||
* ''Alparslan Türkeş'in askerleriyiz!'' (We are the soldiers of Alparslan Türkeş!) |
|||
* ''Dökülen kan, alınan can bizim / Yıkılsın liberal kapitalizm!'' (The blood spilled and the lives taken are ours / May liberal capitalism collapse!) |
|||
* ''Çakal çakaldır, bozkurt olamaz ki!'' (Jackal is a jackal, and can never be a greywolf.) |
|||
* ''Her Türk asker doğar!'' (Every Turk is born as a soldier.) |
|||
* ''Ulutürk!'' (The noble Turk!) |
|||
* ''Kurtköy Ovası, ülkücüler yuvası!'' (Plain of Wolfsville, land of the greywolves!) |
|||
== References == |
|||
{{Reflist}} |
|||
== See also == |
|||
* [[Great Union Party]] |
|||
* [[Pan Turkism]] |
|||
* [[Turanism]] |
|||
* [[Turkish Nationalism]] |
|||
==External links== |
|||
*[http://www.mhp.org.tr Nationalist Movement Party ] |
|||
*[http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/russia/story/chechnya/istanbul.connection/ Istanbul: Gateway to a holy war] - ''[[CNN]]'' |
|||
*[http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/grey_wolves.htm Grey Wolves profile] |
|||
*[http://csmonitor.com/cgi-bin/durableRedirect.pl?/durable/1999/04/22/f-p6s1.shtml/ Turkey takes nationalist turn] - ''[[Christian Science Monitor]]'' |
|||
*{{tr icon}} [http://www.ulkuocaklari.org.tr/bozkurt/ Bozkurt Destani], from the official site of ''Ülkü Ocakları'' (Forges of Ideal) |
|||
*[http://mondediplo.com/1998/07/05turkey/ Turkey’s pivotal role in the international drug trade] - ''[[Le Monde diplomatique]]'' (about links between [[Abdullah Çatlı]] and [[Gladio]] "[[stay-behind]]" networks) |
|||
*[http://www.hr-action.org/thr/LATimes041298.htm Turkish Dirty War Revealed, but Papal Shooting Still Obscured] |
|||
*[http://www.mudanyaocak.tr.gg MUDANYA ÜLKÜ OCAKLARI ] |
|||
[[Category:Anti-Armenianism]] |
|||
[[Category:Fascism]] |
|||
[[Category:Gladio]] |
|||
[[Category:History of Turkey]] |
|||
[[Category:Nationalism]] |
|||
[[Category:Turkish political movements]] |
|||
[[Category:Terrorism in Turkey]] |
|||
[[Category:Terrorism in Kazakhstan]] |
|||
[[Category:Government of Kazakhstan designated terrorist organizations]] |
|||
[[de:Graue Wölfe]] |
|||
[[es:Lobos Grises]] |
|||
[[fa:گرگهای خاکستری]] |
|||
[[fr:Loups gris]] |
|||
[[it:Lupi grigi]] |
|||
[[he:הזאבים האפורים]] |
|||
[[nl:Grijze Wolven]] |
|||
[[pl:Szare Wilki]] |
|||
[[sl:Sivi volkovi]] |
|||
[[sv:Grå vargarna]] |
|||
[[tr:Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi]] |
|||
[[tr:Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi]] |
|||