Group of 88
The Group of 88 was a term applied to 88 professors at Duke University who condemned the Duke's lacrosse team for their alleged involvement in a rape that was later declared a hoax.
Karla F.C. Holloway, a professor of English and African-American Studies was the person who initially thought of placing the ad.[1]
Background
Duke lacrosse case
Crystal Gail Mangum, an African American student at North Carolina Central University who worked as a stripper, was hired to perform at a party held at the house of two of the team's captains in Durham, North Carolina on March 13, 2006. Several hours after the party, after becoming involved in an altercation with her fellow stripper that necessitated police assistance, Mangum made accusations that three white Duke University lacrosse team members had raped her, which were later shown to be false.[2]
Inspiration
At a March 29 AAAS forum at which students "were invited to voice their frustration with the current situation and, it became apparent, with the university as a whole" leading to the advertisement.[1]
The ad described the circumstances surrounding the allegations as a "social disaster"[3] and cited anonymous claims of sexism and harassment at the Duke campus. The ad specifically called for students to be vocal on the issues.[3]
Commentary and criticism
National media
John Podhoretz wrote in the New York Post that: "The school has perhaps 700 professors who teach undergrads. So, at a moment when Duke students were being shadowed by a rape accusation, one-ninth of their professoriate had effectively declared that those students did not deserve the presumption of innocence – primarily because so many of their fellow students were supposedly being victimized by the atmosphere of 'racism and sexism.'" Furthermore, Podhoretz quoted Stephen Baldwin, a professor of chemistry: "There was a collision between political correctness and due process, and political correctness won."[4]
In Howard Wasserman's Institutional Failures, he says that the Group's decision to go public so quickly left them vulnerable once more information emerged to change the case. He cites an investigation into the lacrosse players' personal behavior by Duke Law School professor James Earl Coleman Jr. Coleman found that the players were "good students who caused no problems in the class, treated Duke staffers with respect...and had no record of sexist, racist, or other forms of anti-social behavior."[5]
Duke students and faculty
One signer, Kim Curtis of the Political Science Department, failed two members of the lacrosse team who were in one of her classes. When one of them appealed the grade, Duke did not act immediately; they eventually raised his grade to a D. Dowd and his parents sued Curtis and the university. Duke settled, listing the grade as "Pass".[6][7][8]
An engineering professor at Duke, Michael Gustafson, was concerned that the restrictions on stereotyping had been done away with. He suggested that the accused lacrosse players had not been evaluated as individuals, but as caricatures, making it easier for commentators to criticize them.[9]
One of the signers, English professor Cathy Davidson, wrote in the Raleigh News & Observer in January 2007 that the ad was a response "to the anguish of students who felt demeaned by racist and sexist remarks swirling around in the media and on the campus quad in the aftermath of what happened on March 13 in the lacrosse house."[10]
A group of 18 economics faculty signed a petition which stated "the Group of 88 does not speak for all Duke faculty."[11]
Clarifying letter
On January 16, 2007, a letter was posted at the newly established Concerned Duke Faculty website.[12] It was signed by 87 faculty members, many of whom had been among the "Group of 88." They stated that the ad had been misinterpreted and that the intent of the original ad had been to address issues of racism and sexism in the community, not to prejudge the case: "We reject all attempts to try the case outside the courts, and stand firmly by the principle of the presumption of innocence", and rejected all "public calls to the authors to retract the ad or apologize for it."
The letter said that Duke fosters an "atmosphere that allows sexism, racism, and sexual violence to be so prevalent on campus."[13]
Aftermath
A 2007 poll of Duke faculty showed that 82 percent were "troubled by the actions by the Group of 88."[1]
References
- ^ a b c Yaeger, Don, and Mike Pressler. It's Not about the Truth: The Untold Story of the Duke Lacrosse Case and the Lives It Shattered. New York: Threshold Editions, 2007 pp.119-121; 256.
- ^ "N.C. attorney general: Duke players 'innocent'". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
- ^ a b "Group of 88 Ad" (PDF). African African American Studies at Duke University. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 25, 2006. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "ORWELL UNIVERSITY DUKE PROFS' P.C. TRAVESTY". NY Post. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ Wasserman, Howard M., Institutional Failures: Duke Lacrosse, Universities, the News Media, and the Legal System (December 16, 2010). INSTITUTIONAL FAILURES: DUKE LACROSSE, UNIVERSITIES, THE NEWS MEDIA, AND THE LEGAL SYSTEM, Howard Wasserman, ed., Ashgate Publishing, 2010.
- ^ "Duke Civil Lawsuit" (PDF). ABC News. April 11, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
- ^ Johnson, KC; Taylor, Stuart , Jr. (2010-04-01). Until Proven Innocent: Political Correctness and the Shameful Injustices of the Duke Lacrosse Rape Case (Kindle Location 4568-4578). Macmillan. Kindle Edition.
- ^ "LAX Player Files Lawsuit Against Duke University". ABC News. January 4, 2007. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012.
- ^ Johnson, KC; Taylor, Stuart , Jr. (2010-04-01). Until Proven Innocent: Political Correctness and the Shameful Injustices of the Duke Lacrosse Rape Case (Kindle Locations 3114-3121). Macmillan. Kindle Edition.
- ^ Cathy Davidson, "In the Aftermath of a Social Disaster", Raleigh News & Observer, Jan 5, 2007, A18. Quoted in the book Institutional Failures.
- ^ Pope, Justin. "Duke rape case still splits faculty after a year of tension". Associated Press. U-T. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
- ^ Concerned Duke Faculty
- ^ Johnson, KC; Taylor, Stuart , Jr. (2010-04-01). Until Proven Innocent: Political Correctness and the Shameful Injustices of the Duke Lacrosse Rape Case (Kindle Locations 6881-6886). Macmillan. Kindle Edition.