William Gwinn
William Gwinn (Guinn, Guin; c. 1755–?) was an African American from Boston, Massachusetts. He was one of the first African-Americans to participate in the antebellum American Back-to-Africa movement under the auspices of Captain Paul Cuffe's 1815 voyage to Sierra Leone.
Early life
[edit]Little is known of Gwinn's early life. Presumably, he was previously enslaved to the Massachusetts Gwinn family or had immigrated from the Southern states after being emancipated. By the early 1800s, he was a free black and lived in antebellum Massachusetts. He was listed in the 1810 census as a resident of Boston Ward 1 in Suffolk County, Massachusetts. He was described as being of the 'Methodist order' and as being "from Boston" by Captain Paul Cuffe.[1]
Emigration to Sierra Leone
[edit]The journey
[edit]In 1815, at age sixty, Gwinn decided to immigrate with his 56-year-old wife Elizabeth and 17-year-old daughter Nancy Gwinn to Sierra Leone.[citation needed] The Gwinn family was one of eight families to emigrate to Sierra Leone under the auspices of Paul Cuffe.[2] Cuffe, a man of Native American and African American ancestry, had visited Sierra Leone in 1811 to assess whether he'd like to immigrate there.[3] His Native American wife, however, did not want to leave the land of her ancestry.[2] He returned four years later with thirty-eight African Americans.[4]
The emigrants, mainly Bostonians,[2] were the first black Americans to immigrate on a large scale directly from the United States to Africa. The Gwinns traveled to Sierra Leone in Cuffe's Traveller and did not pay for expenses. They were expected to work on Governor Charles MacCarthy's farm once they arrived in Sierra Leone. According to records in the Massachusetts Historical Society, William Gwinn traveled to Sierra Leone "with his wife and two Children."[citation needed]
Settlement
[edit]The group arrived in Sierra Leone about the end of January or early February. Cuffe wrote to the African Institution in London's William Allen on April 1, 1816, to inform him that homesteads had been acquired for the settlement. Gwinn worked on a 10-acre farm with five families from Boston.[2]
29 people that were going to work the 10 acres together included:[2]
- Thomas Jarvis, his wife and five children. Jarvis was about 50.
- Peter Wilcox, his wife and five children. Wilcox was about 40.
- Robert Rigsby, his wife and one child
- William Guinn, his wife and daughter
Another settler was David George, a Baptist preacher who had escaped enslavement and then traveled to Nova Scotia before emigrating to Sierra Leone.[5]
The same year, Gwinn's daughter Nancy married George Davis, the African-born son of African American parents who had immigrated via Nova Scotia (under the auspices of John Clarkson) to found Freetown, Sierra Leone in 1792.[6]
Integration with 1792 Nova Scotian Settlers
[edit]Most of the thirty-eight emigrants integrated with the founders (known as the Settlers of the Colony of Sierra Leone, who had arrived in 1792).[7]
Later years and descendants
[edit]Little is known of what became of Gwinn himself; however, a letter from other colonists indicated that 'Friend Gwinn' had lost a leg since arriving in Sierra Leone. Gwinn likely settled in Settler Town as that was where the original "American emigrants reside."[8]
The Gwinns have descendants in Sierra Leone and the United States through the union of George Davis I to Miss Nancy Gwinn in 1816.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Philosophy, African-Americans, and the Unfinished American Revolution", On Race and Philosophy, Routledge, 2016, pp. 33–50, doi:10.4324/9780203760581-3, ISBN 978-0-203-76058-1
- ^ a b c d e James Oliver Horton; Lois E. Horton (5 December 1996). In Hope of Liberty:Culture, Community and Protest among Northern Free Blacks, 1700-1860. Oxford University Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-19-988079-9. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- ^ Leslie Alexander (28 February 2010). Encyclopedia of African American History. ABC-CLIO. p. 378. ISBN 978-1-85109-774-6. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- ^ Leslie Alexander (28 February 2010). Encyclopedia of African American History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 378, 520. ISBN 978-1-85109-774-6. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- ^ "Black Loyalists". Black Loyalists, Canada's Digital Collection. Retrieved April 27, 2013.
- ^ "(1) A View of Sierra Leone (2) Sierra Leone: its History and Tradition". Nature. 119 (3006): 849. June 1927. Bibcode:1927Natur.119..849.. doi:10.1038/119849a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4010976.
- ^ Kup, A. P. (1972). "John Clarkson and the Sierra Leone Company". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 5 (2): 203–220. doi:10.2307/217514. ISSN 0361-7882. JSTOR 217514.
- ^ Jasanoff, Maya (2008). "The Other Side of Revolution: Loyalists in the British Empire". The William and Mary Quarterly. 65 (2): 205–232. doi:10.2307/25096784. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 25096784.
Sources
[edit]- James Oliver Horton; Lois E. Horton (1999). Black Bostonians: family life and community struggle in the antebellum North. Holmes & Meier. ISBN 978-0-8419-1380-6. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- Henry Noble Sherwood (1923). Paul Cuffe. Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- Massachusetts Historical Society (1969). Proceedings. The Society. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
- 1750s births
- 18th century in Boston
- 19th century in Boston
- American emigrants to Sierra Leone
- People from colonial Boston
- 18th-century American slaves
- Methodists from Massachusetts
- African-American history in Boston
- Cultural history of Boston
- 19th-century deaths
- 19th-century American slaves
- People from colonial Massachusetts