Hemichrome

A hemichrome (FeIII) is a form of low-spin methemoglobin (metHb). Hemichromes, which precede the denaturation processes of haemoglobin (Hb), are mainly produced by partially denaturated haemoglobins and form histidine complexes. Hemichromes are usually associated with blood disorders.^[1]

Types of hemichromes

Hemichromes can be classified in two main categories: reversible and irreversible.

Reversible hemichromes (Hch-1) have the ability to return to their native formation (haemoglobin). Some hemichromes can be reduced to the high-spin state of deoxyhaemoglobin, while others are first being reduced to hemochromes (FeII) and then to deoxyhaemoglobin through anaerobic dialysis. Photolysis, in the presence of oxygen from CO and its reaction with the hemochrome, can quickly convert a hemichrome to oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2).^[2] Irreversible hemichromes (Hch-2) cannot be converted to their native form.

Both the reversible and irreversible hemichromes have a similar rate during proteolytic degradation and they both have a lower percentage of alpha helixes.^[2]

Hemichrome in bloodstains

Upon blood exiting the body, haemoglobin in blood transits from bright red to dark brown, which is attributed to oxidation of oxy-hemoglobin (HbO₂) to methemoglobin (met-Hb) and ending up in hemichrome (HC). For forensic purposes, the fractions of HbO₂, met-Hb and HC in a bloodstain can used for age determination of bloodstains when measured with Reflectance Spectroscopy [1].

Hemichrome stability

Hemichromes form an insoluble macromolecule (macromolecular aggregate) by copolymerization with the cytoplasm of band 3. Covalent bonds reinforce the aggregate interactions of the hemichromes which are accumulated on the surface of the membrane.^[3] However, hemichromes are less stable than their native form.^[2]

Normal formation

Hemoglobin A in humans can form hemichromes even under physiological conditions as a result of pH and temperature alterations, and the autoxidation of oxyhaemoglobin. Hemichrome formation, followed by a band 3 clustering and the formation of Heinz bodies, can take place during the physiological clearance of damaged red blood cells.^[4] The difference between a normal red blood cell (RBC) and a red blood cell with unstable haemoglobin (such as in the case of haemolytic anaemia) is that, in a normal RBC, the formation of Heinz bodies is significantly delayed. In cells with unstable haemoglobin, hemichromes are formed soon after the cell has been released into the bloodstream and they precipitate on the membrane’s surface.^[5]

Abnormal formation^[2]

When haemoglobin is exposed to certain conditions, reversible or irreversible hemichromes are formed.

Reversible hemichrome formation occurs in the presence of:

Fatty acids
Aliphatic alcohol (n-butanol)
Dehydration
High concentration of glycerol
Polyethylene glycol

Irreversible hemichrome formation occurs in the presence of:

Phenylhydrazine
Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)

References

^ Riccio A.; Vitagliano L.; di Prisco G.; Zagari A.; Mazzarella L. (2002). "The crystal structure of a tetrameric hemoglobin in a partial hemichrome state". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (15): 9801–9806. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.9801R. doi:10.1073/pnas.132182099.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Molchanova, T. http://www.tatianamolchanova.com/files/Hemichrome_alphaHb_AHSP_Molchanova.pdf
^ Kannan, R., Labotka, R., & Low, P.S. (1988). "Isolation and characterization of the hemichrome-stabilized membrane protein aggregates from sickle erythrocytes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (27): 13766–13773.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Sugawara, Y. Y., Kadono, E. E., Suzuki, A. A., Yukuta, Y. Y., Shibasaki, Y. Y., Nishimura, N. N.; et al. (2003). "Hemichrome formation observed in human haemoglobin A under various buffer conditions". Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 179 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1046/j.1365-201X.2003.01142.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Mannu, F., Arese, P., Cappellini, M.D., Fiorelli, G., Cappadoro, M., Giribaldi, G.; et al. (1995). "Role of hemichrome binding to erythrocyte membrane in the generation of band-3 alterations in β-thalassemia intermedia erythrocytes". Blood. 86 (5): 2014–2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[1] Riccio A.; Vitagliano L.; di Prisco G.; Zagari A.; Mazzarella L. (2002). "The crystal structure of a tetrameric hemoglobin in a partial hemichrome state". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (15): 9801–9806. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.9801R. doi:10.1073/pnas.132182099.

[Molchanova-2] Molchanova, T. http://www.tatianamolchanova.com/files/Hemichrome_alphaHb_AHSP_Molchanova.pdf

[3] Kannan, R., Labotka, R., & Low, P.S. (1988). "Isolation and characterization of the hemichrome-stabilized membrane protein aggregates from sickle erythrocytes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (27): 13766–13773.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[4] Sugawara, Y. Y., Kadono, E. E., Suzuki, A. A., Yukuta, Y. Y., Shibasaki, Y. Y., Nishimura, N. N.; et al. (2003). "Hemichrome formation observed in human haemoglobin A under various buffer conditions". Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 179 (1): 49–59. doi:10.1046/j.1365-201X.2003.01142.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[5] Mannu, F., Arese, P., Cappellini, M.D., Fiorelli, G., Cappadoro, M., Giribaldi, G.; et al. (1995). "Role of hemichrome binding to erythrocyte membrane in the generation of band-3 alterations in β-thalassemia intermedia erythrocytes". Blood. 86 (5): 2014–2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]